POOR ACEH: THE IMPACT OF SPECIAL AUTONOMY AS EFFORT POVERTY REDUCTION IN ACEH

Special autonomy as one of the strategies in overcoming social welfare issues is one of them in Aceh Province. In the reform era, implementation of regional autonomy marked by the issuance of The Undang-Undang Nomor 33 Tahun 2004 concerning the financial balance between the central government to the regions. The hope is to make the regions more autonomous or independent in government, and an equal financial structure and the right to manage financial resources that are more transparent. This research focuses on the impact of the implementation of special autonomy in Aceh Province, limited from 2015 to 2019 in poverty alleviation efforts. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach to literature study and statistical data analysis. Data analysis techniques in this study were using statistical data analysis obtained from BPS. The results showed that special autonomy as an effort to reduce poverty in Aceh has a very good contribution because it has reduced poverty in Aceh from 819 thousand in March 2019 to 810 thousand people in September 2019. Furthermore, the use of the special autonomy fund was channeled through programs made by the Aceh government in the fields of Education, Health, and the economy.

September 2019 reached 24.79 million people or around 9.22 percent of the total population of Indonesia. This percentage clearly shows that the number of Indonesia's poor is still high.
This poverty problem is not caused by a single event and is always triggered by various interrelated causes. The main cause of poverty is not only economic factors but political factors become the most dominant in the emergence of new poor people due to various policies implemented (Cuesta, Madrigal, & Skoufias, 2018;Ikhsan, 2015). Every policy formulated and finally implemented by the government often does not benefit "the poor" and this is the main cause of increasing poverty (Schwarz, 2018). On the other hand, the low level of education of a person also causes an increase in poverty, because people with low education will have difficulty getting decent jobs, this vicious circle will continue to spin, where the poor will remain poor (Sukidjo, 2019;Persico, 2020;Sartika et al., 2016). Also, limited infrastructure, despite having abundant natural resources, but people who live in underdeveloped areas with limited infrastructure, that person is likely to remain trapped in the cycle of poverty (Ramadan et al., 2018). Centralization by the national government caused various problems for the local government. For example, economic inequality, uneven development in this region, violence, and conflicts that caused poverty are the result of the misallocation of natural resources that more portions for the national government then the regional government (Yanuarti, 2012), Economic inequalities that led to disintegration conflicts, including regional efforts to break away from Indonesia and form their own countries, have occurred in various regions, such as the rebellion of the Free Aceh Movement (GAM), the Free Papua Organization (OPM), and the independence of East-Timor from Indonesia. Also, disintegration conflicts occur as a result of the injustice of the central government to the Daring region (Santosa, 2010). A decentralized government can be the right solution for this problem (Sakai, 2014).
The implementation of regional autonomy after the reforms marked by the issuance of The Undang-Undang Nomor 33 Tahun 2004 concerning the financial balance between the central government to the regions. The hope is to make the regions more autonomous or independent in government, and a more equal financial structure and the right to manage financial resources that are more transparent. (Kamuli, 2010;Kaunang, 2016). Regional Autonomy applies generally in Indonesia, except for the provinces of Aceh, Papua, West Papua, Yogyakarta, and DKI Jakarta. These provinces are subject to special Autonomy that categorized as "asymmetrical decentralization," which is decentralization that allows delegating of exclusive authority which granted only to specific regions. (Fatmawati, 2018) For Aceh Province and Papua Province, this can be seen as an aspect of the central government to re-embrace the regions that want to separate themselves from the motherland (Nur & Susanto, 2019). An asymmetrical decentralization accommodates local demands and identities into the typical local government system (Primary, 2015), and it can eliminate the resistance to the central government and the desire for independence. It is also an alternative solution for various problems of central and regional relationships (Kamuli, 2010;Nur & Susanto, 2019). Two advantages can be obtained from asymmetric decentralization. First, as a solution to the threat of ethnic conflict or other confrontation. Second, as a democratic response proposed by minority groups whose rights and interests continue to be abused or ignored by the government.
Related to the problem of decentralization in Aceh, the government has responded by enacting The Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2006 on the Government of Aceh with the allocation of special autonomy funds starting in 2008 of Rp3.59 trillion and increasing every year by the development of the national General Allocation Fund (DAU). The number of special autonomy funds can be utilized to improve the welfare of the community due to the very large amount given (Fatmawati, 2018;Rante, Koenti, 2018;Sangkek, 2017) Also, government governance must be pushed faster because special autonomy is seen as an opportunity to reduce poverty because local governments are closer to the people than the central government which is expected to have accurate information and can solve problems more quickly (Santosa, 2010).
This research focuses on the impact of the implementation of special autonomy in Aceh Province, limited in the period 2015-2019 in efforts to reduce poverty as a result of the consequences of the construction of special autonomy in Aceh, namely poverty reduction, this study aims to determine whether the impact of special autonomy in Aceh has been able to prosper the community. Also, this research will narrow the scope of its research, that the causes of poverty are due to limited access to capital, low human resources, low levels of health, and the inability to participate in politics to express aspirations to the people and the state.

A. LITERATURE REVIEW a. Impact of Special Autonomy
Special autonomy as one of the strategies in overcoming the problem of social welfare has been widely studied by experts. To clarify the understanding of poverty from some previous studies. The problem of social welfare with special autonomy policies has been much of his research from (Skonieczny & Torrisi, 2008), research areas where special autonomy has been granted. The regions of Spain and Italy where this study departs, special autonomy there is known as "Comunidades autonomous", according to Skonieczny and Torrisi then compares the success rate of development between regions that have implemented special autonomy and regions that have not yet implemented special autonomy. In this study, Skonieczny and Torrisi use 5 assessment criteria, namely socio-economic development, social welfare, inter-regional competence, and environmental conservation Research found that there is a relationship between the granting of special autonomy with changes in the development index.
Effects of special controls and distribution of oil and gas or oil and gas funds on poverty reduction projects in Aceh province. This research is based on the assumption that although the special autonomy fund and the oil and gas revenue-sharing fund have been disbursed until 2012, the welfare figures in Aceh Province have also not shown any changes. This research is also to find the fact that government expenditure "government expenditure" which increased significantly since 2009 was not followed by an increase in the level of welfare of the people, even though the unemployment rate was successfully reduced (Lutfi, 2012).
Furthermore, research on special autonomy and poverty alleviation programs in Papua Province. This study explains the causes of poverty in Papua Province and scientific studies related to poverty alleviation programs called "RESPEK" after the implementation of special autonomy status for Papua Province. In this research by conducting field observations and normative reviews and making comparisons with the "before-after" approach, the conclusion drawn from this study is that many factors affect suffering in the province of Papua. Low employment rates, per capita income, poor governance, and strong practices. In connection with the introduction of special autonomy, it concluded that there was a 10% decrease in deprivation in the Papua Region after the adoption of special autonomy status (Mollet, 2014).

b. The relationship of special autonomy in reducing poverty
Other research also enhances the relationship between the introduction of special autonomy in the region and economic performance, and this study further enhances audiences with the opinion that local government, which is implemented in a decentralized way, has an impact on the economy. Development. The impact of economic and fiscal decentralization on economic growth and inflation in China. In research using "Vector Autoregressions (VAR) with latent variables. Based on this study, it concludes that economic decentralization is a positive relationship with real GDP growth in China. Meanwhile, fiscal decentralization had an impact on inflation figures, especially since it was introduced in the 1970s. The most important thing found is that decentralization has a positive effect on growth, but has a detrimental effect on growth (Saputra & Mahmudi, 2012).
The relationship between regional autonomy and economic growth. using a measure of population development, employment, and real per capita income and using the analysis method "ordinary least squire". It was concluded from the research that what determines the success or failure of economic development is determined not only by the form of local government management but also by the form of local government organization itself. This result was achieved by comparing the two regions that were equally undergoing decentralization but with different money organizations (Tossun, 2009). Indicators of community welfare can be seen through health, education, population, employment, environmental, social housing, and poverty levels. These are indicators of community welfare in a country or region. (Domri, Ridwan, 2019).

c. Community Welfare Efforts to reduce poverty
Community welfare is a measure of the development of a nation. The level of health, education, the economy needs attention. The Family Hope Program launched by the government influences the welfare of the community (Domri, Ridwan, 2019). (Kusumastuti, 2019) Based on the results of research that women's empowerment activities through group savings and loans proved to be able to provide various improvements so that poverty reduction occurs with the use of loans as additional capital for their own business. Meanwhile, according to research from (Budhi Cahyono, 2012). The results show that the values of trust in social capital are very dominant as a basis for rural communities to be used as capital in improving other functions, such as increasing respect and mutual benefit. Problems in optimizing social capital involve natural problems, human resource problems, and management issues. (Ifa et al., 2016) The results of this study indicate the socio-economic conditions of the level of welfare of the Tengger community are not spared from activities utilizing agricultural products and promoting to market. Communities around the Bromo area work as traders, providers of tourism services, and natural beauty that opens up jobs that can reduce unemployment and poverty.
According to research from (Lewerissa, 2019) The Family Welfare Coaching program is a fostering program directed at women in helping the government to create community development to create a harmonious and prosperous family. Then the research conducted (Baroh & Bakhtiar, 2019) improving the welfare of the community is the main goal in supporting the success of agricultural development including intensive use of the yard area. (Amir, Desa, Konawe, & Oheo, 2019) shows efforts to empower in the context of improving the welfare of the village community in Oheo District which is done through the development of assets, the development of relationships that are coproducers, and the development of solutions that are citizen-driven and the strengthening of social capital as a means with external parties has been well implemented. Outcomes for the empowerment of BUMDes have only reached the awareness of capacity needs and capacity transformation, while the improvement of innovation has not gone well.

C. METHODS
This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach to literature study and statistical data analysis to obtain research data and information. Descriptive qualitative is a study conducted to provide in-depth descriptions using qualitative aspects of research (Bandur, 2019). While the literature study approach is a way to obtain research information from books, the internet, and previous research that is closely related to the object of research (Farida, 2019). By using descriptive research data, this research can provide an idea of how much benefit from special autonomy for each region, particularly the Province of Aceh. The reason researchers used qualitative research methods because they were related to the focus of the study was to determine the role of special autonomy in reducing poverty in Aceh, limited to the 2015-2019 period. Data analysis techniques in this study used statistical data analysis obtained from BPS. On the contrary, the presentation of general data in qualitative research is carried out with matrices, graphs, and narrative texts and images for conclusions/verification which is the end of the analysis of qualitative research data conducted with meaning through the reflection of research data.

D. EXPLANATION
The implementation of special autonomy in Aceh has been running for seven years; one of the agendas of special autonomy is poverty reduction due to prolonged conflict in Aceh. The Government of Aceh has implemented a policy that utilizes a sizeable special autonomy budget by carrying out programs to reduce poverty in Aceh, such as access to health, access to education, and capital assistance for villages in the Aceh province. It is hoped that this program can be realized so that it can overcome the problem of poverty in Aceh.

a. Poverty Conditions in Aceh
The number of poor people in Aceh in the 2015-2019 Period as decreased, although the impact has not been significant, he explained in the following table: The data in the table above shows that the highest level of poverty in Aceh in 2015 was 17.08% from the following years as well as in Indonesia. Then in 2016, the poverty rate in Aceh fell to 16.43%, down 0.65%. In 2017 it decreased to 1.16% from 2015 and in 2018 it decreased by 0.24% from the past year. In 2019 there was a 15.01% poverty rate in Aceh and getting better because the shift in poverty in Aceh from 2015 to 2019 amounted to 2.07% poverty rate in Aceh decreased. Aceh poverty data can be observed closely, the distribution of the poor is more widespread in rural areas than in urban areas. The number of poor people in 2015 in rural areas reached 694,000 people or around 19.44 percent of the total poor population while in urban areas there were 157,570 people or 11.13 percent. The number of poor people from the process of decline was relatively not accompanied by changes in the composition of the distribution of the poor population. The percentage shows that until 2019 the poor population in rural areas is relatively stable at around 17.68 percent while in urban areas it is 9.47 percent. Another poverty occurring in Aceh is the large gap between rural and urban poverty. The poverty line in the 2015-2019 urban period increased from 157,570 people to 165.

b. Health Access 1. Aceh Health Insurance (JKA)
The Government of Aceh issued a policy on health insurance for Aceh (JKA) in 2010 which aims to improve health status, encourage creativity, and productivity of the people of Aceh. The JKA Program bridges the people of Aceh to access health services. JKA eliminates cost constraints when the Acehnese seek medical treatment. Government health facilities are no longer collecting administrative fees or health service fees since the program was implemented. In the long term, the Aceh government needs to work to improve the welfare of the community and supply cheap staples to improve community nutrition, which in turn will make the community healthier and immune to the disease.
Status can be described and described by looking at the achievement of several indicators such as; life expectancy, infant mortality, maternal mortality, nutrition of infants and pregnant women, and the spread of infectious diseases. Health profile in 2020, public hospitals in Aceh totaled 62 units, puskesmas totaled 351 units with 166 inpatient puskesmas distributions, and 185 inpatient puskesmas. The development of puskesmas in Aceh in a ratio is sufficient, where all districts have puskesmas with a rate of 110,000 residents. In addition to the health facilities mentioned above in Aceh, there are already 10,820 Polindes available, Posyandu totaling 7,150 units, and 852 units of Supporting Health Centers. By 2020 it is expected that the construction of Poskesdes or Polindes will reach 65 percent. Health workers in Aceh are still a significant problem related to the uneven distribution of health workers. There are four indicators to assess environmental conditions, namely; (1) the percentage of families that have healthy drinking water supplies, (2) families that have healthy restrooms, (3) the rate of families that manage waste, and (4) families that manage their wastewater correctly. This situation is still far from being expected of an unhealthy environment, and healthy living behavior still needs special attention and damage due to severe disasters have an impact on programs that do not meet targets.

Access to Education
Education is a strategic activity that much better than one must become the authority of the state. Due to the special features of Aceh, the Government of Aceh has the authority to organize education better than following the characteristics, potential and needs of the people of Aceh, Islamic values in education that have been regulated in the Aceh Qanun Nomor 23 Tahun 2002 concerning the administration of Education, then revised to the Aceh Qanun Nomor 5 Tahun 2008 about organizing education.
In 2020, the availability and distribution of adequate and equitable educational institutions are one of the important factors in efforts to increase APK /APM. In all of Aceh, there are 5194 TK/PAUD units, 4,073 SD/MI units, 1,656 SMP/MTs/SMPLB units, and 1,065 SMA/MA/SMALB/SMK units. Until 2020, 106 tertiary institutions have been established in Aceh, consisting of State Universities (PTN) and Private Universities (PTS) spread throughout the Aceh region. The Government of Aceh not only carried out a program to eradicate Latin illiteracy, but also the elimination of Al-Qur'an illiteracy with indicators of the ability to read the Qur'an properly. The problem of education is not only related to the provision of formal education services for students but also the provision of knowledge and skills for each member of the community through the Non-Formal Education program. The provision of quality education services is closely related to the availability of adequate numbers of educators and education personnel. The unequal distribution of teachers and the lack of professional qualifications and competence of teachers is still a classic problem in the world of education, so the government continues to strive to organize the distribution, and carry out education and training to increase the human resources of educators and education organization.

c. Capital Access 1. Peumakmue Gampong (BKPG) Financial Aid
The BKPG program was drafted by the Governor of Aceh on July 13, 2008. This program is an initiative of the Aceh government to improve the welfare of the people of Aceh through the development and community empowerment. The funds provided amount to Rp 100 million per village, the utilization of which is carried out through an independent planning process by the community. District/city governments are required to allocate matching funds in the form of Village Fund Allocation (ADG) for this program at a minimum of Rp 50 million per village. The program is intended to reduce poverty very large in Aceh where almost 50 percent of the people of Aceh are below the poverty level due to a long conflict that lasted almost 30 years. The budget allocation was again carried out by the Government of Aceh Rp. 57 billion for the Gampong makmue Financial Assistance (BKPG) in 2019. BKPG funds were allocated to 6,497 villages in 289 Sub-districts in 23 Regencies / Cities in Aceh. This amount decreased compared to Rp. 84 billion in 2015. Total funds from 2015-2019 amounted to 119 billion.

d. Open Unemployment Rate
One indicator of the Open Unemployment Rate (TPT) can describe the general situation of the economy of a region or region, and at the same time provides an overview of community activities to achieve prosperity. The size of the TPT is based on the percentage of the workforce that is not yet employed, influenced by several factors including environmental, economic, cultural, social, and internal conditions of the workforce itself. The workforce in Aceh in 2019 totaled 2,366 million people or experienced an increase of 13 thousand people, while the conditions in 2015 amounted to 2,183 million people or experienced an additional 60 thousand people. While the number of people working in 2019 totaled 129.36 million people or experienced an increase of 2.29 million people, while in 2015 there were 120.8 million people or experienced an additional 6.2 million people. Conducive regional security indicates the better condition of various infrastructure n the region. The opening of regional access to the outside world will encourage more people to participate in and accelerate development in Aceh. Increasing numbers of small and medium business units both by local economic actors and growing through collaboration with entrepreneurs outside the mapping area.

e. Policy on Establishing Traditional Institutions 1. Mukim Government
Since the time of the empire's empire government had been Berjaya, at the beginning of independence and in the colonial era. Recognized, since the enactment of The Undang-Undang Nomor 18 Tahun 2001 concerning Special Autonomy for the Special Province of Aceh, this has been confirmed by the enactment of The Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2006 concerning the Government of Aceh. After the enactment of Special Autonomy in Aceh Province, the mukim has been re-established as a government agency in the regional administration system in Aceh. Mukim is a legal community unit consisting of several villages that have certain territorial boundaries and personal assets, have a direct position under the District/Sagoe Cut or other terms led by Imuem Mukim.

Gampong Government
The broad and free authority granted to the Government of Aceh to organize the Regional Government system by the old values of the Acehnese people that have been regulated in The Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2006 concerning the Government of Aceh. The law was implemented before the Aceh Province Qanun (Perda) Nomor 5 Tahun 2003 regarding the Gampong government was established. Therefore, Gampong is another term in Aceh Province. Gampong is a legal community unit that has the right and sovereignty to regulate and manage the interests of its people, especially in improving the welfare of the community has a strategic role and position. It is hoped that the Mukim and Gampong Governments become community catalysts to voice their aspirations and have not yet had a significant influence in channeling the aspirations of the community in various ways, which has an impact on programs implemented in efforts to reduce poverty levels in the village that have not yet run optimally, because the unemployment and poverty centers are still at in the village. This indicates that the role and function of the village that is not yet optimal are supposed to be the frontline in the implementation of government programs. That is, Aceh's poverty rate fell 0.31 percent in the last six months, and year on year, fell 0.67 points from 15.68 percent in September 2018 to 15, 01 percent in September 2019. However, the reduction in poverty by 0.67 percent made Aceh one of the 10 provinces with the highest poverty reduction in Indonesia. Aceh will be very agile in catching up and soon Aceh will no longer be the poorest in Sumatra. Aceh's poverty rate stays 15.01 percent, only 0.2 percent adrift of Bengkulu, whose poverty rate is 14.99 percent at present. Furthermore, superior programs that have contributed to the reduction in poverty, among others, scholarship assistance for orphans, the Aceh Health Insurance Program (JKA), construction of livable homes, rehabilitation of unfit homes, empowerment of micro and small businesses, handling the poor and displaced children, the provision of clean water and sanitation, as well as free electricity installation.
Improvements in road and bridge infrastructure also contributed to improvements in poverty, such as opening access roads to remote areas. Freeing an area from isolation and building connectivity between regions can encourage economic acceleration in agricultural and plantation production centers in the region. On the other hand, poverty reduction in Aceh is also due to the contribution of increasingly effective national programs, such as Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT)/RASTRA, National Health Insurance-Healthy Indonesia Card (JKN KIS), Smart Indonesia Card (KIP) which is a scheme scholarship for children from poor families, and Prosperous Family Cards (KKS) for recipients of the Hope Family Program (PKH). Aceh Still the Poorest in Sumatra Another thing considered to have an important contribution to reducing poverty in Aceh, namely the village fund that drives the wheels of the economy in the countryside. In 2019, Aceh will receive village funds of Rp. 4.95 trillion and will continue to increase each year. Village funds have the potential to beat the number of special autonomy funds (Otsus) when the Special Autonomy Fund is reduced to 1% of the DAU fund allocation starting in 2023.
The Aceh government is encouraging the use of village funds to more effectively increase the income of the community in each village. National program construction on Aceh's poverty rate, including the role of district/city government. The effectiveness of poverty alleviation programs implemented by the Government of Aceh and the Central Government, can not be separated from the existence of monitoring and control in its implementation. Aceh already has a monitoring and evaluation tool in the poverty control program the 6T (6 appropriate programs). The 6T Monev Tool is the instrument used by his party to oversee Aceh's poverty reduction program, since 2019. The 6T (6 appropriate programs) Monev Tools are meant, appropriate design, appropriate mode, appropriate locus, appropriate goal, and appropriate number. These tools can guide the parties in poverty alleviation efforts starting from the appropriate program, appropriate implementation, appropriate location, Appropriate goal, Appropriate time, and the appropriate amount. If these tools can be strictly enforced in various poverty reduction programs in each district/city and every party that runs a poverty reduction program, poverty reduction in Aceh will be even more rapid. "The Aceh government can set a poverty reduction target of more than 2 percent per year so that it can catch up with other regions in Indonesia.

E. CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that the impact of special autonomy as an effort to reduce poverty in Aceh has a very good contribution because it has reduced the poverty rate in Aceh from 819 thousand in March 2019 to 810 thousand people in September 2019. The Aceh government is encouraging the use of village funds to more effectively increase the income of the people in each village. National program construction on Aceh's poverty rate, including the role of district/city government. The effectiveness of poverty alleviation programs implemented by the Government of Aceh and the Central Government can't be separated from the existence of monitoring and control in its implementation. Aceh already has a monitoring and evaluation tool in the poverty control program the 6T (6 appropriate programs). The 6T Monev Tool is the instrument used by his party to oversee Aceh's poverty reduction program, since 2019. The 6T (6 appropriate programs) Monev Tools are meant, appropriate design, appropriate mode, appropriate locus, appropriate goal, and appropriate number. These tools can guide the parties in poverty alleviation efforts starting from the appropriate program, appropriate implementation, appropriate location, Appropriate goal, Appropriate time, and the appropriate amount. If these tools can be strictly enforced in various poverty reduction programs in each district/city and every party that runs a poverty reduction program, poverty reduction in Aceh will be even more rapid. "The Aceh government can set a poverty reduction target of more than 2 percent per year so that it can catch up with other regions in Indonesia.