KESALAHAN KONSEP ANTARA KEBEBASAN BERAGAMA DAN PENISTAAN AGAMA DALAM RUANG PUBLIK INDONESIA
Abstract
Abstract
This study analyzes the concept of religious freedom in Indonesia's public sphere. The problem that is answered is how is the concept of religious freedom applied in the Indonesian public sphere? The right to freedom of religion has 2 dimensions, namely forum internum and forum externum. The internum forum cannot be intervened by the state but the external forum can be limited by reason of protecting the rights of freedom itself. However, what happens is that these two dimensions are confused, resulting in discriminatory actions. One example is Law no. 1 Presidential Decree in 1965 concerning the Prevention of Abuse or Defamation of Religion A Judicial Review of this law was carried out in 2009 but there was no further action, either to abolish or revise it. In the public sphere, all citizens must live side by side without any discrimination. This research uses qualitative methods with a critical analysis approach. The critical analysis uses the thoughts of John Rawls about justice and Jürgen Habermas about the public sphere. The results show that the application of religious freedom must have clear boundaries between the informal public space and the formal public space.
Keywords: blasphemy; law; religious freedom
Abstrak
Penelitian ini menganalisis konsep kebebasan beragama dalam ruang publik Indonesia. Permasalahan yang dijawab adalah bagaimana konsep kebebasan beragama diterapkan dalam ruang publik Indonesia? Hak kebebasan beragama memiliki 2 dimensi yaitu forum internum dan forum eksternum. Forum internum tidak dapat diintervensi oleh negara tetapi forum eksternum dapat dibatasi dengan alasan untuk menjaga hak kebebasan itu sendiri. Namun yang terjadi kedua dimensi ini dicampuradukkan sehingga muncul tindakan diskriminatif. Salah satu contohnya adalah Undang-Undang no. 1 Penetapan Presiden tahun 1965 tentang Pencegahan Penyalahgunaan atau Penodaan Agama Judical Review terhadap UU ini telah dilakukan pada tahun 2009 tetapi tidak ada tindakan lebih lanjut, entah meniadakan atau merevisinya. Di dalam ruang publik, semua warga harus hidup berdampingan tanpa adanya diskriminasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan analisis kritis. Analisis kritis menggunakan pemikiran John Rawls tentang keadilan dan Jürgen Habermas tentang ruang publik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan kebebasan agama harus memiliki batasan yang jelas antara ruang publik informal dan ruang publik formal. Negara harus bersifat netral dalam pembuatan pembatasan.
Downloads
References
Akbar, Irwan Ahmad, “Dinamika Kasus Penistaan Agama di Indonesia (Polemik Pemaknaan Ayat-Ayat Penistaan dan UU Penodaan Agama),” Qof, 3.1 (2019), 89–105 <https://doi.org/10.30762/qof.v3i1.1068>
Amnesty International, Mengadili Keyakinan: Undang-Undang Agama Indonesia (Amnesty Internasional, 2014) <https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/208000/asa-210182014in.pdf>
Andriyos, Benny, “Menag: Kerukunan Umat Beragama adalah Karya Bersama,” Kementerian Agama RI, 2020 <https://kemenag.go.id/berita/read/515082/menag--kerukunan-umat-beragama-adalah-karya-bersama-> [diakses 12 Januari 2021]
Budiyono, “Hubungan Negara Dan Agama Dalam Negara Pancasila,” Fiat Justisia, 8.3 (2015), 410–23 <https://doi.org/10.25041/fiatjustisia.v8no3.305>
Coyne, Brian, dan Rob Reich, “John Rawls,” in International Handbook of Philosophy of Education, ed. oleh P. Smeyers (Springer International Publishing AG, 2018) <https://doi.org/10.10-17/UPO9781844653133>
Dahlberg, Lincoln, “The habermasian public sphere and exclusion: An engagement with poststructuralist-influenced critics,” Communication Theory, 24.1 (2014), 21–41 <https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12010>
Habermas, Jürgen, Between Naturalism and Religion, ed. oleh Ciaran Cronin (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2008) <http://library1.nida.ac.th/termpaper6/sd/2554/19755.pdf>
Hasanuddin, Iqbal, “Hak Atas Kebebasan Beragama/Berkeyakinan : Sebuah Upaya Pendasaran Filosofis,” Societas Dei, 4.1 (2017), 96–122
———, “Keadilan Sosial: Telaah atas Filsafat Politik John Rawls,” Refleksi, 17.2 (2018), 193–204 <https://doi.org/10.15408/ref.v17i2.10205>
Hedi, “Agama dalam Masyarakat Post-Sekularisme Jürgen Habermas,” Panangkaran: Jurnal Penelitian Agama dan Masyarakat, 3.2 (2020), 249 <https://doi.org/10.14421/panang-karan.2019.0302-07>
Ibrahim, “Agama, Negara, dan Ruang Publik Menurut Habermas,” Jurnal Badati, II.3 (2010), 1–10
———, “AGAMA , NEGARA , DAN RUANG PUBLIK MENURUT HABERMAS ( Catatan Penting untuk Pluralisme Agama di Indonesia ),” Jurnal Badati, II.3 (2010), 1–10
Indah Limy, “Jadi Menag, Gus Yaqut: Agama Harus Jadi Inspirasi, Bukan Aspirasi,” Kementerian Agama RI, 2020 <https://kemenag.go.id/berita/read/514986/jadi-menag--gus-yaqut--agama-harus-jadi-inspirasi--bukan-aspirasi> [diakses 12 Januari 2021]
Kangei, Of Lawrence Unja, Patrick Ouma Nyabul, dan John Muhenda, “Habermasian deliberative democracy nuance: An enquiry,” International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research www.allscientificjournal.com, 3.5 (2018), 45–53 <https://doi.org/10.22271/scientific>
Kelen, Donatus Sermada, “Agama dalam Ruang Publik di Indonesia dan Posisi Gereja Katolik: Satu Telaah Filsafat Sosial,” in Mengabdi Tuhan dan Mencintai Liyan: Penghayatan Agama di ruang Publik yang Plural, ed. oleh Alphonsus Tjatur Raharso, Paulinus Yan Olla, dan Yustinus (Malang: STFT Widya Sasana, 2017), hal. 108–32
Latif, Yudi, Negara Paripurna: Historisitas, Rasionalitas, dan Aktualitas Pancasila, 2011 <https://books.google.co.id/books?id=0NBtWmlj1soC&lpg=PP1&dq=Negara Paripurna%3A Historisitas%2C Rasionalitas%2C dan Aktualitas Pancasila&hl=id&-pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=Negara Paripurna: Historisitas, Rasionalitas, dan Aktualitas Pancasila&f=false>
Pandor, Pius, “Menakar Peran Agama di tengah Merebaknya Patologi Ruang Publik,” in Mengabdi Tuhan dan Mencintai Liyan: Penghayatan Agama di ruang Publik yang Plural, ed. oleh Alphonsus Tjatur Raharso, Paulinus Yan Olla, dan Yustinus (Malang: STFT Widya Sasana, 2017), hal. 303–20
Presiden Republik Indonesia, Penetapan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 1/PNPS/1965, 1965, II, 1–7 <https://www.kemenag.go.id/file/dokumen/UU1PNPS65.pdf>
Rawls, John, A Theory of Justice (Original Edition), ed. oleh T. M. Scanlon, Development Policy Review (London: Harvard University Press, 1971)
Rumadi, “Antara Kebebasan dan Penodaan Agama: Menimbang Proyek ‘Jalan Tengah’ Mahkamah Konstitusi RI tentang UU Penodaan Agama,” Jurnal Indo-Islamika, 2.2 (2012), 245–71 <https://doi.org/10.15408/idi.v2i2.1177>
Rustamaji, Muhammad, dan Gendis Nissa Aulia, “Telaah Konsepsi Penistaan Agama terhadap Penegakan Hukum Kasus Meliana: Studi Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Medan Nomor 1612/Pid.B/2018/PN. Mdn,” Jurnal Verstek, 8.2 (2019), 30–38
Authors who publish with Jurnal Hukum Magnum Opus agree to the following terms:
- Authors transfer the copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.. that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access)
