Regulating Ride-Hailing for Decent Work: A Legal Evaluation of Indonesia and Spain's Regulatory Frameworks
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30996/jhbbc.v9i1.132846Keywords:
algorithmic management, decent work, platform work, ride-hailingAbstract
The growing proliferation of digital transportation services has disrupted traditional labour relations, often excluding ride-hailing drivers from formal labour protections. In Indonesia, this exclusion is institutionalized through a partnership model that fails to ensure decent work standards. This study aims to evaluate the extent to which Indonesia's legal framework fulfills the five Fairwork indicators (fair pay, fair conditions, fair contracts, fair management, and fair representation) and to compare it with Spain's regulatory approach. Employing a normative legal method supported by statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches, the research analyzes primary and secondary legal materials across the two jurisdictions. The analysis uncovers that Indonesia's fragmented and non-binding regulations fall short of guaranteeing decent work, particularly in areas such as income security, algorithmic transparency, and collective representation. In contrast, Spain's Riders' Law offers a more coherent and enforceable framework by presuming employment status and regulating algorithmic management. The study recommends that Indonesia adopt key elements of Spain's model to strengthen labour protections for platform workers. These include normative reclassification, procedural guarantees to govern algorithmic management, collective empowerment, and legislative anchoring to general labour law.
Downloads
References
(EU-OSHA), European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, Spain: The ‘Riders’ Law’, New Regulation on Digital Platform Work, 2022 <https://healthy-workplaces.osha.europa.eu/en/publications/spain-riders-law-new-regulation-digital-platform-work-0>
AFP, ‘Spain Declares Delivery Riders to Be Staff, in EU First’ (EURACTIV, 2021) <https://www.euractiv.com/news/spain-declares-delivery-riders-to-be-staff-in-eu-first/>
Agus, Dede, Aceng Asnawi Rohani, Achmad Jaelani, Mentari Jasitisia, and Beni Prawira Candra Jaya, ‘The Freedom of Contract Principle in Contract of Employment’, Pena Justisia: Media Komunikasi Dan Kajian Hukum, 24.1 (2025), 1993–2012 <https://doi.org/10.31941/pj.v24i1.5976>
Ajonbadi, Hakeem Adeniyi, Olatunji David Adekoya, Chima Mordi, Hayden Cronk, Md Asadul Islam, and Idowu Taofik, ‘Exploring the Voice and Representation Mechanisms of Platform Workers and Implications for Decent Work in the Nigerian Gig Economy’, Journal of Industrial Relations, 2025, 1–29 <https://doi.org/10.1177/00221856251337191>
Akbar, Abdul Karim Subhanul, Risky Agung Firnanda, and Lucas Feng, ‘Will Judicial Activism Redefine Justice in Employment Will Judicial Activism Redefine Justice in Employment Termination Disputes Through Evidence Standards ?’, UNNES Law Journal, 11.2 (2025), 191–224 <https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15294/ulj.v11i1.34705.>
Angie Meidyana, ‘Aksi Massa Ojek Online 20 Mei 2025, Ini Tuntutan Lengkapnya’, Metro TV News, 2025 <https://www.metrotvnews.com/play/NP6C3Por-aksi-massa-ojek-online-20-mei-2025-ini-tuntutan-lengkapnya>
Aufima, Zidna, ‘Jaminan Keselamatan Kerja Bagi Pengemudi Go-Jek Di Surabaya’, Yurispruden: Jurnal Fakultas Hukum Universitas Islam Malang, 2.1 (2019), 1–15
Aulia, M. Zulfa, ‘Hukum Progresif Dari Satjipto Rahardjo: Riwayat, Urgensi, Dan Relevansi’, Undang: Jurnal Hukum, 1.1 (2018), 159–85 <https://doi.org/10.22437/ujh.1.1.159-185>
Baiocco, Sara, Enrique Fernandez-Macías, Uma Rani, and Annarosa Pesole, The Algorithmic Management of Work and Its Implications in Different Contexts, JRC Working Papers Series on Labour, Education and Technology (Seville, 2022) <https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-06/JRC129749.pdf>
Cadena SER, ‘Uber Eats Rechaza Seguir Trabajando Con Repartidores Autónomos Para Evitar Consecuencias Legales Tras La Amenaza de Trabajo’, 15 January 2026 <https://cadenaser.com/nacional/2026/01/15/uber-eats-rechaza-seguir-trabajando-con-repartidos-autonomos-para-evitar-consecuencias-legales-tras-la-amenaza-de-trabajo-cadena-ser/>
Casas-Cortés, Maribel, Montserrat Cañedo-Rodríguez, and Carlos Diz, ‘Platform Capitalism’, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology, October 2023, 2023, 1–26 <https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.597>
Chen, Yanyou, Yao Luo, and Zhe Yuan, ‘Driving the Drivers: Algorithmic Wage-Setting in Ride-Hailing’, SSRN Electronic Journal, 2024, 1–71 <https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4299499>
Choudary, Sangeet Paul., The Architecture of Digital Labour Platforms : Policy Recommendations on Platform Design for Worker Well-Being (ILO, 2018)
Cini, Lorenzo, ‘How Algorithms Are Reshaping the Exploitation of Labour ‑ Power : Insights into the Process of Labour Invisibilization in the Platform Economy’, Theory and Society, 52.5 (2023), 885–911 <https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-023-09520-9>
Council of the EU, ‘Platform Workers: Council Confirms Agreement on New Rules to Improve Their Working Conditions’, 2024 <https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2024/10/14/platform-workers-council-adopts-new-rules-to-improve-their-working-conditions/>
Court, Spanish Supreme, ‘Sentencia Del Tribunal Supremo No. 805/2020, de 25 de Septiembre de 2020. ECLI:ES:TS:2020:2924’, 2020, pp. 1–20 <https://wilfredosanguineti.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/sts_2924_2020-caso-glovo-25-9-20.pdf>
David Tan, ‘A Brave New Frontier in the Dichotomous Indonesian Labour Law: Gig Economy, Platform Paradox and Workers Without Employers’, Mimbar Hukum, 33.1 (2021), 1–38
Deal, Global, Collective Bargaining in the Platform Economy : The Impact of Spain’s “ Riders’ Law ”, 2023
Dewan, Sabina, and Kaushiki Sanyal, Empowerment or Exploitation: Global Perspectives on Women’s Work in the Platform Economy, JustJobs Network, 2023
Dhona, Holy Rafika, and Gigih Mahatattwo, ‘Pangkalan Gojek : Ruang Produk Kapitalisme Digital’, Jurnal Komunikatif, 10.1 (2021), 1–15 <https://doi.org/10.33508/jk.v10i1.3039>
Dihni, Vika Azkiya, ‘Senja Kala Profesi Ojek Online?’, Kata Data, 2023 <https://katadata.co.id/analisisdata/6436ac5d9a7f4/senja-kala-profesi-ojek-online>
Dolado, Juan J, Álvaro Jáñez, and Felix Wellschmied, Riders on the Storm, Discussion Paper Series No. 17740, 2025
van Doorn, Niels, and Adam Badger, ‘Platform Capitalism’s Hidden Abode: Producing Data Assets in the Gig Economy’, Antipode, 52.5 (2020), 1475–95 <https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12641>
Eurofound, ‘Collective Agreement between JustEat, CCOO and UGT in Spain (Collective Agreement)’, 2022 <https://apps.eurofound.europa.eu/platformeconomydb/collective-agreement-between-assodelivery-and-ugl-103352>
———, ‘Glovo Faces €450m Spanish Social Security Bill for Misclassifying Riders’, 2025 <https://apps.eurofound.europa.eu/platformeconomydb/glovo-faces-450m-spanish-social-security-bill-for-misclassifying-riders-110271>
Febrianto, Ahmad Agung, Habib Muhsin Syafingi, and Suharso Suharso, ‘Efektivitas Peraturan Menteri Perhubungan Nomor 12 Tahun 2019 Tentang Keselamatan Pengguna Sepeda Motor Yang Digunakan Untuk Kepentingan Masyarakat Dalam Mewujudkan Keselamatan Dan Keamanan Di Magelang’, Borobudur Law and Society Journal, 2.1 (2023), 1–8 <https://doi.org/10.31603/9940>
Fernández, Alfonso Muñoz, ‘Glovo Cede Ante La “Ley Rider” y Completa Su Cambio de Modelo: Contrata a 14.000 Repartidores y Deja de Trabajar Con Autónomos’, El Español, 1 July 2025 <https://www.elespanol.com/invertia/empresas/tecnologia/20250630/glovo-cede-ley-rider-completa-cambio-modelo-contrata-repartidores-deja-trabajar-autonomos/1003743828048_0.html>
Fernández, María Luz Rodríguez, ‘La Participación de Las Personas Trabajadoras En La Gobernanza de La Transición Digital: Las Experiencias de La Unión Europea y de España’, Revista de Derecho Social, 101 (2023)
Frenken, Koen, and Juliet Schor, ‘Putting the Sharing Economy into Perspective’, Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 23 (2017), 3–10 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2017.01.003>
Ghasemaghaei, Maryam, and Nima Kordzadeh, ‘Understanding How Algorithmic Injustice Leads to Making Discriminatory Decisions: An Obedience to Authority Perspective’, Information & Management, 61.2 (2025), 1–14 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2024.103921>
Graham, Mark, and Jamie Woodcock, ‘Towards a Fairer Platform Economy: Introducing the Fairwork Foundation’, Alternate Routes: A Journal of Critical Social Research, 29 (2018), 268–82
Guerrero, María Luisa Pérez, and Miguel Rodríguez Piñero Royo, ‘Social Security for Spain’s Platform Workers: Self-Employed or Employee Status?’, International Social Security Review, 74.3–4 (2021), 177–94 <https://doi.org/10.1111/issr.12283>
Hadiati, Dian, Abdul Rachmad Budiono, and Hanif Nur Widhiyanti, ‘Legal Relationship Between Platform Service Providers and Online Transportation Driver in Indonesia’, Journal of Public Administration, Finance and Law, 29, 2023, 199–210 <https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47743/jopafl-2023-29-18>
Hadwiger, Felix, Realizing the Opportunities of the Platform Economy through Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining, ILO Working Paper 80 (Geneva, 2022)
———, Realizing the Opportunities of the Platform Economy through Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining, ILO Working Paper 80 (Geneva, 2022) <https://doi.org/10.54394/vard7939>
Hajn, Zbigniew, ‘The International Labour Origanisation Recommendation No. 198 and Self-Employed Workers’, Acta Universitatis Lodziensis, Folia Iuridica, 107 (2024), 41–53 <https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.18778/0208-6069.107.03>
Hamid, Adnan, and Adilla Meytiara Intan, ‘Legal Protection for Informal Sector Workers in Employment Development in Indonesia: Challenges and Opportunities’, International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science, 13.5 (2024), 880–92 <https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v13i5.3630>
Heeks, Richard, Mark Graham, Paul Mungai, Jean Paul Van Belle, and Jamie Woodcock, ‘Systematic Evaluation of Gig Work against Decent Work Standards: The Development and Application of the Fairwork Framework’, The Information Society: An International Journal, 37.5 (2021), 267–86 <https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2021.1942356>
Hidajat, Taofik, Agung Hendra Kusuma, and Achmad Sulchan, ‘Gamification in Ride-Hailing: What Drives a Driver to Drive’, Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, 169 (2021), 241–24 <https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.210311.047>
International Labour Organization, Decent Work in the Platform Economy: Reference Document for the Meeting of Experts on Decent Work in the Platform Economy, 2022
———, Realizing Decent Work in the Platform Economy (Geneva: International Labour Office, 2024) <https://www.ilo.org/resource/conference-paper/ilc/113/realizing-decent-work-platform-economy-0>
Izzati, Nabiyla Risfa, ‘Ketidakseimbangan Kewajiban Para Pihak Dalam Regulasi Ojek Online : Distorsi Logika Hubungan Kemitraan Ekonomi Gig Pelindungan Keselamatan Pengguna Sepeda Motor Yang Digunakan’, Undang: Jurnal Hukum, 5.2 (2022), 325–56 <https://doi.org/10.22437/ujh.5.2.325-356>
Jha, Rahul, ‘Algorithmic Bias and Social Inequality in AI Decision-Making Systems from a Sociological Perspective’, ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts, 5.6 (2024), 3151–56 <https://doi.org/10.29121/shodhkosh.v5.i6.2024.616>
Kovalchuk, Vitaliy B., Iryna M. Zharovska, Bohdan I. Gutiv, Bogdana B. Melnychenko, and Iryna O. Panchuk, ‘Human Rights and Positive Obligations of the State’, Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine, 28.3 (2021), 27–35 <https://doi.org/10.37635/jnalsu.28(3).2021.27-35>
Kurniawan, I. Gede Agus, Fradhana Putra Disantara, Mac Thi Hoai Thuong, and Briggs Samuel Mawunyo Nutakor, ‘The Business Law in Contemporary Times: A Comparison of Indonesia, Vietnam, and Ghana’, Substantive Justice International Journal of Law, 7.2 (2024), 114–41 <https://doi.org/10.56087/substantivejustice.v7i2.297>
‘Ley 12/2021’, Boletín Oficial Del Estado Legislación Consolidada, 2021 <https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2021/BOE-A-2021-15767-consolidado.pdf>
Maftuchan, Ah, Eka Afrina Djamhari, and Rahmanda Muhammad Thaariq, Pengemudi Ojek Daring Dan Kerja Layak (Jakarta, 2018)
Mamduh, Naufal, ‘Bisakah Diatur Tarif Atau Upah Minimum Bagi Driver Ojek Online?’, Tirto.Id, 2018 <https://tirto.id/bisakah-diatur-tarif-atau-upah-minimum-bagi-driver-ojek-online-cHbp>
Mannino, Fulvio, ‘Ley Rider: A New Era for Digital Platform Workers’ Rights in Spain’, Dirrito Della Sicurezza Sul Lavoro, 2, 2025, 21–57
Mas, Prenade, Agusmidah, and Suria Ningsih, ‘Studi Komparasi Hubungan Kerja Non-Standar Dependent Self Employment Dalam Hukum Ketenagakerjaan Di Indonesia Dan Hukum Inggris Pada Era Gig Economy’, Mahadi: Indonesia Journal of Law, 1.2 (2022), 181–99 <https://doi.org/10.32734/mah.v1i2.9024>
Meijerink, Jeroen, and Anne Keegan, ‘Conceptualizing Human Resource Management in the Gig Economy: Toward a Platform Ecosystem Perspective’, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 34.4 (2019), 214–32 <https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-07-2018-0277>
Muhidin, and Faisal Santiago, ‘Reconstruction of the Principles of Justice in Employment Agreements Post Constitutional Court Decision No . 168/PUU-XXI/2023’, Greenation International Journal of Law and Social Sciences, 3.4 (2025), 1440–50 <https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.38035/gijlss.v3i4>
Muljanto, Gindo L. Tobing, and Wiwik S. Widiarty, ‘Legal Protection of the Rights and Obligations of Online Ojek Drivers Based on Partnership Agreements in Terms of Indonesian Positive Law’, Jurnal Scientia, 12.3 (2023), 2408–22
Nastiti, Aulia D, ‘Dijamin Regulasi, Dikontrol Aplikasi: Keterbatasan Kebijakan Transportasi Dalam Melindungi Kerja Pengemudi Gig’, in Menyoal Kerja Layak Dan Adil Dalam Ekonomi Gig Di Indonesia, ed. by Arif. Keban, Yeremias. T., Hernawan, Ari,. dan Novianto (Yogyakarta: IGPA Press, 2021), pp. 21–46 <https://igpa.map.ugm.ac.id/2021/12/07/unduh-buku-menyoal-kerja-layak-dan-adil-dalam-ekonomi-gig-di-indonesia/%0A%0A>
———, Worker Unrest and Contentious Labor Practice of Ride-Hailing Services in Indonesia, Arryman Symposium (Illinois, 2017)
OECD, Policy Responses to New Forms of Work, Policy Responses to New Forms of Work (Paris: OECD Publishing, 2019) <https://doi.org/10.1787/0763f1b7-en>
Oey, Williams, ‘Misklasifikasi Hubungan Kerja Pengemudi Ojek Online (Platform Worker) Di Indonesia’, Veritas et Justitia, 10.1 (2024), 153–78 <https://doi.org/10.25123/vej.v10i1.7722>
Prananda, Rahandy Rizki, and Zil Aidi, ‘Tinjauan Yuridis Kedudukan Pengemudi Transportasi Online Dalam Perjanjian Kemitraan Dengan Perusahaan Penyedia Aplikasi Transportasi Online’, Law, Development and Justice Review, 2.2 (2019), 135–62 <https://doi.org/10.14710/ldjr.v2i2.6139>
Prassl, Jeremias, Humans as a Service: The Promise and Perils of Work in the Gig Economy, Humans as a Service: The Promise and Perils of Work in the Gig Economy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2018) <https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797012.001.0001>
Putri, Treviliana Eka, Paska Darmawan, and Richard Heeks, ‘What Is Fair? The Experience of Indonesian Gig Workers’, Digital Geography and Society, 5.May 2022 (2023), 1–5 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diggeo.2023.100072>
Rahman, Rofi Aulia, József Hajdú, and Valentino Nathanael Prabowo, ‘Digital Labour Platformer’s Legal Status and Decent Working Conditions: European Union and Indonesian Perspective’, Volksgeist: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Konstitusi, 7.1 (2024), 157–75 <https://doi.org/10.24090/volksgeist.v7i1.10366>
Rani, Uma, Rishabh Kumar Dhir, Marianne Furrer, Nóra Gőbel, Angeliki Moraiti, Sean Cooney, and others, The Role of Digital Labour Platforms in Transforming The World of Work (Geneva: ILO, 2021)
Ratti, Luca, ‘Best Friend, False Friend: The “Favour” Rule in Comparative Labour Law’, Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal, 45.1 (2025), 63–86 <https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.60082/2819-2567.1023>
‘Resolution of 19th May 2023, of the Directorate General for Labour, Registering and Publishing the 5th Agreement for Employment and Collective Bargaining’, BOE Consolidated Legislation, 2023, pp. 1–20 <https://www.mites.gob.es/ficheros/ministerio/sec_trabajo/ccncc/D_AspectosNormativos/AcuerdosInterconfederales/23-1714-EN-BOE-A-2023-12870-consolidado-ingles.pdf>
Ruyter, De, Alex, and Riani Rachmawati, ‘“Understanding the Working Conditions of Gig Workers and Decent Work: Evidence from Indonesia’s Online Ojek Riders”’, Sozialpolitik, 2.4 (2020), 1–16 <https://doi.org/doi.org/10.18753/2297-8224-159>
Salvia, Hana, Enni Soerjati Priowirjanto, and Agus Suwandono, ‘Operator Responsibilities in Safeguarding Consumer Rights Against GPS Spoofing in Ride-Hailing Services’, Padjadjaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 11.2 (2024), 208–30 <https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v11n2.a3>
Schulze, Laura, Zhao Cai, Manuel Trenz, and Chee Wee Tan, ‘Algorithmic Unfairness on Digital Labor Platforms: How Algorithmic Management Practices Disadvantage Workers’, in International Conference on Information Systems, ICIS 2022: ‘Digitization for the Next Generation’ (Copenhagen, 2022), pp. 1–17
Serafin, Luca, ‘Riders on the Storm: The Riders ’ Case in Italy, France and Spain’ (Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 2022)
Silaban, Rekson, Hanif Saha Ghafur, Diah Widiawaty, and Basir, ‘Eliminating the Gap of Labor and Social Protection for the Workers of Platform-Based Transportation’, Yustisia, 12.2 (2023), 185–201 <https://doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v12i2.69344>
Socorro, Eduardo Ortega, ‘Trabajo Presentará En Enero Una Acción Penal Contra Uber Eats Por Usar Falsos Autónomos’, El Español, 17 December 2025 <https://www.elespanol.com/invertia/economia/empleo/20251217/trabajo-presentara-enero-accion-penal-uber-eats-usar-falsos-autonomos/1003744059805_0.html>
Srnicek, Nick, ‘Platform Capitalism’, Revista Brasileira de Inovação, 18.2 (2019), 449–454 <https://doi.org/10.17323/1726-3247-2019-1-72-82>
———, ‘Value , Rent and Platform Capitalism’, in Work and Labour Relations in Global Platform Capitalism, 2021, pp. 29–45
Stefano, Valerio De, ‘The Rise of the “Just-in-Time Workforce”: On-Demand Work, Crowdwork, and Labour Protection in the “Gig-Economy”’, Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal, 37.3 (2016), 1–51 <http://ssrn.com/abstract=2682602Theusualdisclaimerapplies.Electroniccopyavailableat:https://ssrn.com/abstract=2682602Electroniccopyavailableat:http://ssrn.com/abstract=2682602>
Stefano, Valerio De, Idda Durri, Charalampos Stylogiannis, and Mathias Wouters, Platform Work and The Employment Relationship, ILO Working Paper 27 (Geneva: ILO, 2021)
Stylogiannis, Charalampos, ‘Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining in the Platform Economy: A Human Rights-Based Approach and An Over Increasing Mobilization of Workers’, International Labour Review Journal, November, 2021, 1–37 <https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3959155>
Sunardi, ‘Ilusi Insentif Di Gojek: Cara Perusahaan Platform Mengontrol Pekerja Gig Dalam Relasi Kemitraan Yang Semu’, in Menyoal Kerja Layak Dan Adil Dalam Ekonomi Gig Di Indonesia, ed. by Yeremias T. Keban, Ari Hernawan, and Arif Novianto (Yogyakarta: IGPA Press, 2021), pp. 63–78
Suputra, I Dewa Gde Ery Suputra, I Gede Agus Kurniawan, and Anak Agung Ayu Ngurah Sri Gorda, ‘Ethics In Business Law : A Paternalistic Legal Philosophy Approach From John Stuart Mill’, SASI, 31.1 (2025), 70–81
Tobing, Henriko, ‘The Gig Economy Dilemma: Exploring Alternatives to Create Decent Work for Online Motorcycle Taxi Drivers in Indonesia’, Jurnal Ketenagakerjaan, 19.2 (2024), 168–83 <https://doi.org/10.47198/jnaker.v19i2.340>
Todolí-Signes, Adrian, ‘Notes on the Spanish Supreme Court Ruling That Considers Riders to Be Employees’, SSRN Electronic Journal, 30, 2020, 1–7 <https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3717599>
Todolí-Signes, Adrián, ‘Spanish Riders Law and the Right to Be Informed about the Algorithm’, European Labour Law Journal, 12.3 (2021), 399–402 <https://doi.org/10.1177/20319525211038327>
Verhuyck, Helena, ‘The Achilles Heel of the Platform-To-Business Regulation: No Unfair Term Protection for Platform Workers?’, Journal of Law, Market and Innovation, 3.3 (2024), 260–93
Woodcock, Jamie, and Mark Graham, The Gig Econnomy: A Critical Introduction, Polity Press (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2020)
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Jurnal Hukum Bisnis Bonum Commune agree to the following terms:
- Authors transfer the copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.. that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access)
