PEMILIHAN UMUM DENGAN MODEL “PARLIAMENTARY THRESHOLD” MENUJU PEMERINTAHAN YANG DEMOKRATIS DI INDONESIA

Authors

  • Abdul Rokhim Fakultas Hukum Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30996/dih.v7i14.266

Abstract

Law Number 10 of 2008 as organic statute, as more comprehensive statute and comply with answering problem challenge in running general election.General election as democratic party, as symbol and also as democracy landmark. In the other side, general election as one of foremost means to reinforcing democracy living order which function as health instrument and accomplishing democracy, not as democracy aims. General election with parliamentary threshold 25% unable to realizes democratic government in Indonesia. Cause combination between presidential government system and multiparty system proved that emerging instability political, then president position become weak. Indonesia democratic parliamentary threshold in order to form legitimate governmental, by improving parliamentary threshold from 2,5 percent gradually.

Keywords: general election, democracy, parliamentary threshold

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Ahmadi, Abu., Psikologi Sosial, Jakarta, PT Rineka Cipta.

Alwi, Syafaruddin, 2001. Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia Strategi Keunggulan Kom-petitif. Edisi Pertama. Yogyakarta: BPFE- Yogyakarta.

Ariyasa I Gede, 2007. Analisis Determinasi Tentang Kompetensi, Komitmen Karir, Pengendalian Kerja, dan Kepuasan Kerja Guru Terhadap Pengembangan Profesi Guru SMA Negeri di Kabupaten Karang-asem. Tesis, Universitas Pendidikan Gane-sha Negeri Singaraja.

Anoraga, Panji, 1992. Psikologi Kerja. Jakar-ta: Rineka Cipta.

Anderson, J.S., & Prussia, G.E., 1997. The Self Leadership Questionare. The Journal Self Leadership Studies, 4. 119 – 143.

Balanchard, K. et al., 2006. Self Leadership and the One Minute Manager. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Beck, Ulrich, 2002. Losing the Traditional: Individualization and Precarious Free-doms. Individualization. London: SAGE Publications. pp. 1-21.

Beer, M, Spector, B, Lawrence, P, Quinn Mills, D and Walton, R, 1984, Managing Human Assets, The Free Press, New York

Buchari Alma, 2010. Guru Profesional (Me-nguasai Metoda dan Terampil Menga-jar). Bandung: Alfabeta.

Byars, L. L. dan Rue. I. W.(1997). Human Resource Management.5th Edition. Chicago: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Cooper, D.R & Emory, W., 1996.Metoda Pe-nelitian Bisnis. (Terjemahan), I, II, Jakarta: Erlangga.

Covey, Stephen R. 1997.The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People (7 Kebiasaan Ma-nusia yang Sangat Efektif).Jakarta: Bina-rupa Aksara.

Ghozali, H. Imam, 2012. Model Persamaan Struktural Konsep dan Aplikasi dengan Pro-gram Amos 19.00. Semarang : Badan Pe-nerbit Undip.

Ivancevich, J.M. (2005). Human Resource Management: Foundations of Personnel.5th Edition. Boston: Richard F. Irwm, Inc.

Kunandar, 2007.Guru Profesional. Implemen-tasi Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan (KTSP) dan Sukses dalam Sertifikasi Guru. Rajawali Pers Divisi Buku Perguruan Tinggi PT.RajaGrafindo Persada.

Kreitner, Robert &Kiniki Angelo, 2003, Peri-laku Organisasi, Buku I, Salemba Empat, Jakarta.

Meyer, J.P., & Allen, N. J. 1997 Commitment in the Workplease Theory Research and Application. California : Academic Press.

Robbins, SP., 2006. Prilaku Organisasi: Kontroversi, Aplikasi, Edisi Bahasa Indone-sia, Jilid 2, Jakarta : Penerbit PT. Preha-lindo, Jakarta.

Sahertian dan Aleida Sahertian, 1990, Super-visi Pendidikan dalam Rangka Program Inservice Education; Jakarta. Rineka Cipta.

Sugiyono. 2012. Metode Untuk Penelitian Administrasi Dilengkapi dengan Metode R&D. CV. Alfabeta. Bandung.

Sutrisno, Hadi, 2004, Pengaruh Faktor Kepe-mimpinan Transformasional terhadap Ke-puasan Kerja, Komitmen Organisasi, dan Perilaku Ekstra Peran, Laporan Penelitian, STIE Al-Anwar, Mojokerto.

Schuster, F. E. (1985). Human Resource Management: Concept, Cases and Rea-dings.2nd Edition.Virgini: Rest and Publi-shing Company, Inc. A Prentice-Hall Com-pany.

Downloads

Published

2011-08-01

Issue

Section

Articles