Fleksibilitas dan burnout karyawan pasca pandemi COVID-19: Menguji peran mediasi keseimbangan kehidupan kerja

Employee flexibility and burnout post COVID-19 pandemic: Testing the mediating role of work-life balance

  • Sekar Hayu Setyaningsih Sebelas Maret University
  • Pratista Arya Satwika Sebelas Maret University
Keywords: Employee Burnout, Flexibility, Work-Life Balances

Abstract

The transition of work systems from WFH to WFO to establish the new normal after COVID-19 has led to excessive workload, resulting in prolonged fatigue and stress symptoms for employees. This research aims to examine the influence of work-life balance as a mediator in the influence between flexibility and employee burnout. The measurement tools used in this study are the burnout scale (α=0.970), flexibility scale (α=0.82), and work-life balance scale (α=0.973). This research employs a quantitative method with participants consisting of employees working in Jakarta. Involving 104 research participants, this study utilizes a non-probability sampling technique with convenient online sampling. The research data is analyzed using the Process Macro for SPSS 3.0 by Hayes (2018). The results of this study state that flexibility and employee burnout are significantly affected by work-life balance. The implications of this study indicate that work-life balance plays an important role in the relationship between flexibility and burnout. Efforts to reduce employee burnout can be made by developing intervention programs related to understanding and skills in balancing employees' work lives.

The transition of work systems from WFH to WFO to establish the new normal after COVID-19 has led to excessive workload, resulting in prolonged fatigue and stress symptoms for employees. This research aims to examine the influence of work-life balance as a mediator in the influence between flexibility and employee burnout. The measurement tools used in this study are the burnout scale (α=0.970), flexibility scale (α=0.82), and work-life balance scale (α=0.973). This research employs a quantitative method with participants consisting of employees working in Jakarta. Involving 104 research participants, this study utilizes a non-probability sampling technique with convenient online sampling. The research data is analyzed using the Process Macro for SPSS 3.0 by Hayes (2018). The results of this study state that flexibility and employee burnout are significantly affected by work-life balance. The implications of this study indicate that work-life balance plays an important role in the relationship between flexibility and burnout. Efforts to reduce employee burnout can be made by developing intervention programs related to understanding and skills in balancing employees' work lives.

The transition of work systems from WFH to WFO to establish the new normal after COVID-19 has led to excessive workload, resulting in prolonged fatigue and stress symptoms for employees. This research aims to examine the influence of work-life balance as a mediator in the influence between flexibility and employee burnout. The measurement tools used in this study are the burnout scale (α=0.970), flexibility scale (α=0.82), and work-life balance scale (α=0.973). This research employs a quantitative method with participants consisting of employees working in Jakarta. Involving 104 research participants, this study utilizes a non-probability sampling technique with convenient online sampling. The research data is analyzed using the Process Macro for SPSS 3.0 by Hayes (2018). The results of this study state that flexibility and employee burnout are significantly affected by work-life balance. The implications of this study indicate that work-life balance plays an important role in the relationship between flexibility and burnout. Efforts to reduce employee burnout can be made by developing intervention programs related to understanding and skills in balancing employees' work lives.

The transition of work systems from WFH to WFO to establish the new normal after COVID-19 has led to excessive workload, resulting in prolonged fatigue and stress symptoms for employees. This research aims to examine the influence of work-life balance as a mediator in the influence between flexibility and employee burnout. The measurement tools used in this study are the burnout scale (α=0.970), flexibility scale (α=0.82), and work-life balance scale (α=0.973). This research employs a quantitative method with participants consisting of employees working in Jakarta. Involving 104 research participants, this study utilizes a non-probability sampling technique with convenient online sampling. The research data is analyzed using the Process Macro for SPSS 3.0 by Hayes (2018). The results of this study state that flexibility and employee burnout are significantly affected by work-life balance. The implications of this study indicate that work-life balance plays an important role in the relationship between flexibility and burnout. Efforts to reduce employee burnout can be made by developing intervention programs related to understanding and skills in balancing employees' work lives.

The transition of work systems from WFH to WFO to establish the new normal after COVID-19 has led to excessive workload, resulting in prolonged fatigue and stress symptoms for employees. This research aims to examine the influence of work-life balance as a mediator in the influence between flexibility and employee burnout. The measurement tools used in this study are the burnout scale (α=0.970), flexibility scale (α=0.82), and work-life balance scale (α=0.973). This research employs a quantitative method with participants consisting of employees working in Jakarta. Involving 104 research participants, this study utilizes a non-probability sampling technique with convenient online sampling. The research data is analyzed using the Process Macro for SPSS 3.0 by Hayes (2018). The results of this study state that flexibility and employee burnout are significantly affected by work-life balance. The implications of this study indicate that work-life balance plays an important role in the relationship between flexibility and burnout. Efforts to reduce employee burnout can be made by developing intervention programs related to understanding and skills in balancing employees' work lives.

The transition of work systems from WFH to WFO to establish the new normal after COVID-19 has led to excessive workload, resulting in prolonged fatigue and stress symptoms for employees. This research aims to examine the influence of work-life balance as a mediator in the influence between flexibility and employee burnout. The measurement tools used in this study are the burnout scale (α=0.970), flexibility scale (α=0.82), and work-life balance scale (α=0.973). This research employs a quantitative method with participants consisting of employees working in Jakarta. Involving 104 research participants, this study utilizes a non-probability sampling technique with convenient online sampling. The research data is analyzed using the Process Macro for SPSS 3.0 by Hayes (2018). The results of this study state that flexibility and employee burnout are significantly affected by work-life balance. The implications of this study indicate that work-life balance plays an important role in the relationship between flexibility and burnout. Efforts to reduce employee burnout can be made by developing intervention programs related to understanding and skills in balancing employees' work lives.

The transition of work systems from WFH to WFO to establish the new normal after COVID-19 has led to excessive workload, resulting in prolonged fatigue and stress symptoms for employees. This research aims to examine the influence of work-life balance as a mediator in the influence between flexibility and employee burnout. The measurement tools used in this study are the burnout scale (α=0.970), flexibility scale (α=0.82), and work-life balance scale (α=0.973). This research employs a quantitative method with participants consisting of employees working in Jakarta. Involving 104 research participants, this study utilizes a non-probability sampling technique with convenient online sampling. The research data is analyzed using the Process Macro for SPSS 3.0 by Hayes (2018). The results of this study state that flexibility and employee burnout are significantly affected by work-life balance. The implications of this study indicate that work-life balance plays an important role in the relationship between flexibility and burnout. Efforts to reduce employee burnout can be made by developing intervention programs related to understanding and skills in balancing employees' work lives.

The transition of work systems from WFH to WFO to establish the new normal after COVID-19 has led to excessive workload, resulting in prolonged fatigue and stress symptoms for employees. This research aims to examine the influence of work-life balance as a mediator in the influence between flexibility and employee burnout. The measurement tools used in this study are the burnout scale (α=0.970), flexibility scale (α=0.82), and work-life balance scale (α=0.973). This research employs a quantitative method with participants consisting of employees working in Jakarta. Involving 104 research participants, this study utilizes a non-probability sampling technique with convenient online sampling. The research data is analyzed using the Process Macro for SPSS 3.0 by Hayes (2018). The results of this study state that flexibility and employee burnout are significantly affected by work-life balance. The implications of this study indicate that work-life balance plays an important role in the relationship between flexibility and burnout. Efforts to reduce employee burnout can be made by developing intervention programs related to understanding and skills in balancing employees' work lives.

The transition of work systems from WFH to WFO to establish the new normal after COVID-19 has led to excessive workload, resulting in prolonged fatigue and stress symptoms for employees. This research aims to examine the influence of work-life balance as a mediator in the influence between flexibility and employee burnout. The measurement tools used in this study are the burnout scale (α=0.970), flexibility scale (α=0.82), and work-life balance scale (α=0.973). This research employs a quantitative method with participants consisting of employees working in Jakarta. Involving 104 research participants, this study utilizes a non-probability sampling technique with convenient online sampling. The research data is analyzed using the Process Macro for SPSS 3.0 by Hayes (2018). The results of this study state that flexibility and employee burnout are significantly affected by work-life balance. The implications of this study indicate that work-life balance plays an important role in the relationship between flexibility and burnout. Efforts to reduce employee burnout can be made by developing intervention programs related to understanding and skills in balancing employees' work lives.

The transition of work systems from WFH to WFO to establish the new normal after COVID-19 has led to excessive workload, resulting in prolonged fatigue and stress symptoms for employees. This research aims to examine the influence of work-life balance as a mediator in the influence between flexibility and employee burnout. The measurement tools used in this study are the burnout scale (α=0.970), flexibility scale (α=0.82), and work-life balance scale (α=0.973). This research employs a quantitative method with participants consisting of employees working in Jakarta. Involving 104 research participants, this study utilizes a non-probability sampling technique with convenient online sampling. The research data is analyzed using the Process Macro for SPSS 3.0 by Hayes (2018). The results of this study state that flexibility and employee burnout are significantly affected by work-life balance. The implications of this study indicate that work-life balance plays an important role in the relationship between flexibility and burnout. Efforts to reduce employee burnout can be made by developing intervention programs related to understanding and skills in balancing employees' work lives.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Pratista Arya Satwika, Sebelas Maret University

 

 

References

Ab llah, I. H., Ab Hamid, A. H., & Othman, N. (2022). Hubungan antara tahap burnout dan tahap komitmen pensyarah IPG kampus Zon Timur. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 7(2), e001265. https://doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v7i2.1265

Abu-Bader, S., & Jones, T. V. (2021). Statistical mediation analysis using the sobel test and hayes SPSS process macro. International Journal of Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods, 9(1), 42–61.

Alexander, A., Smet, A. D., Langstaff, M., & Ravid, D. (2021). What employees are saying about the future of remote work. McKinsey&Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/people-and-organizational-performance/our-insights/five-fifty-the-great-exhaustion

Bakker, A. B., Hetland, J., Olsen, O. K., Espevik, R., & De Vries, J. D. (2020). Job crafting and playful work design: Links with performance during busy and quiet days. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103478

Basuni, B., & Sopiah, S. (2023). Work-life balance and burnout on employee: a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis. International Journal of Business, Law, and Education, 4, 1207–1213. https://doi.org/10.56442/ijble.v4i2.300

Borgia, M. S., Di Virgilio, F., La Torre, M., & Khan, M. A. (2022). Relationship between Work-Life Balance and Job Performance Moderated by Knowledge Risks: Are Bank Employees Ready? Sustainability, 14(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095416

Brulin, E., Bjärntoft, S., Bergström, G., & Hallman, D. M. (2023). Gendered associations of flexible work arrangement and perceived flexibility with work–life interference: A cross-sectional mediation analysis on office workers in Sweden. Social Indicators Research, 167(1–3), 571–588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-023-03113-w

Chen, Y., & Fulmer, I. S. (2018). Fine‐tuning what we know about employees’ experience with flexible work arrangements and their job attitudes. Human Resource Management, 57(1), 381–395. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21849

Christina, S., Nirwanto, A. F., Nabilah, N., Idulfiastri, R. M., & Putri, D. (2022). Analisis butir variabel burnout pada reliabilitas konsistensi internal. Prosiding Serina IV 2022, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.24912/pserina.v2i1.18517

Chung, H., & Lippe, T. (2020). Flexible working, work–life balance, and gender equality: introduction. Social Indicators Research, 151(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-2025-x

Dewi, I. R. (2023). Survei: karyawan pilih WFO asal ga ngantor tiap hari. CNBC Indonesia. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/tech/20230207134452-37-411761/survei-karyawan-pilih-wfo-asal-ga-ngantor-tiap-hari

Dizaho, E. K., Salleh, R., & Abdullah, A. (2017). Achieveing work life balance through flexible work schedules and arrangements. Global Business and Management Research, 9(1), 455–465.

Edú-Valsania, S., Laguía, A., & Moriano, J. A. (2022). Burnout: a review of theory and measurement. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031780

Esthi, R. B., & Panjaitan, S. (2023). The effect of work-life balance on turnover intention mediated by burnout. ProBisnis : Jurnal Manajemen, 14(1), 29–34. https://doi.org/10.62398/probis.v14i1.69

Felstead, A., Gallie, D., Green, F., & Henseke, G. (2020). Unpredictable times: The extent, characteristics and correlates of insecure hours of work in Britain. Industrial Relations Journal, 51(1–2), 34–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/irj.12279

Fitriasari, A., Septianingrum, Y., Purwanti, N., Ainiyah, N., Wardani, E. M., & Bistara, D. N. (2022). Analysis of mental workload and work family conflict with burnout on lecturers who work from home during pandemic. Bali Medical Journal (Bali MedJ), 11(2), 761–765.

Greenhaus, J. H., Collins, K. M., & Shaw, J. D. (2003). The relation between work–family balance and quality of life. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63(3), 510–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8791(02)00042-8

Gunawan, T. M. E., & Franksiska, R. (2020). Pengaruh pengaturan kerja yang fleksibel terhadap kinerja karyawan dengan work life balance sebagai variabel mediasi. Procuratio : Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen; Vol 8 No 3 (2020): Procuratio : Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen, 8(3), 308–321. https://doi.org/10.35145/procuratio.v8i3.698

Guritno, T., & Krisiandi. (2021). Kasus aktif covid-19 tinggi, pemerintah diminta tetapkan kebijakan WFH 100 persen. Kompas.Com. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2021/06/28/12124331/kasus-aktif-covid-19-tinggi-pemerintah-diminta-tetapkan-kebijakan-wfh-100.

Hafizh, M. A., & Hariastuti, N. L. P. (2021). Pengaruh quality of work life dan burnout terhadap kinerja karyawan melalui kepuasan kerja sebagai variabel moderasi (studi kasus: cv. Xyz). Prosiding SENASTITAN: Seminar Nasional Teknologi Industri Berkelanjutan, 1, 89–98. https://ejurnal.itats.ac.id/senastitan/article/view/1653

Handayani, D. F., & Pebriyani, D. (2020). Flexible working arrangement and job satisfaction in mitigating burnout: a literature review. The Fifth Padang International Conference On Economics Education, Economics, Business and Management, Accounting and Entrepreneurship (PICEEBA-5 2020), 152, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.201126.001

Hayes, A. F. (2018). An introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: a regression-based approach (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.

Hayman, J. R. (2009). Flexible work arrangements: Exploring the linkages between perceived usability of flexible work schedules and work/life balance. Community, Work & Family, 12(3), 327–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668800902966331

Indradewa, R., & Prasetio, A. A. (2023). The influence of flexible working arrangements and work-life balance on job satisfaction: A double-layered moderated mediation model. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, 26(2), 449–476. https://doi.org/10.24914/jeb.v26i2.9551

Junaidin, Ikhram, A. A., & Hardiyono. (2019). Pengaruh work life balance terhadap burnout dan kepuasan kerja karyawan (studi kasus pada perusahaan listrik negata (pln) area makassar selatan). MANDAR (Management Development and Applied Research Journal), 1(2), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.31605/mandar.v1i2.319

Lee, H.-F., & Chang, Y.-J. (2022). The effects of work satisfaction and work flexibility on burnout in nurses. The Journal of Nursing Research : JNR, 30(6), e240. https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0000000000000522

Li, S., Ten Berge, J., & Kristiansen, M. H. (2022). Burnout and its antecedents: considering both work and household time claims, and flexibility in relation to burnout. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 863348. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.863348

Lubbadeh, T. (2020). Job burnout: a general literature review. International Review of Management and Marketing, 10, 7–15. https://doi.org/10.32479/irmm.9398

Lumunon, R. R., Sendow, G. M., & Uhing, Y. (2019). Pengaruh work life balance, kesehatan kerja dan beban kerja terhadap kepuasan kerja karyawan pt. Tirta investama (danone) aqua airmadidi. Jurnal EMBA : Jurnal Riset Ekonomi, Manajemen, Bisnis Dan Akuntansi, 7(4), 4671–4680. https://doi.org/10.35794/emba.7.4.2019.25410

Ma’rifah, D. (2021). Implementasi work from home: kajian tentang dampak positif, dampak negatif, dan produktivitas pegawai. Civil Service, 14(2), 53–64.

Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (2016). Understanding the burnout experience: Recent research and its implications for psychiatry. World Psychiatry : Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 15(2), 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20311

Moulton, N. H., Fuzi, S. F. S. M., Yussoff, N. E., Shazali, N. M., Mahmud, M. B., & Rahmat, N. H. (2022). Exploring work motivation and work burnout. International journal of academic research in business and social sciences, 12(9), 488–507. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v12-i9/11541

Mustajab, D., Bauw, A., Rasyid, A., Irawan, A., Akbar, M. A., & Hamid, M. A. (2020). Working from home phenomenon as an effort to prevent covid-19 attacks and its impacts on work productivity. TIJAB (The International Journal of Applied Business), 4(1), 13–21. https://doi.org/10.20473/tijab.V4.I1.2020.13-21

Netemeyer, R. G., Boles, J. S., & McMurrian, R. (1996). Development and validation of work–family conflict and family–work conflict scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(4), 400–410. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.4.400

Odini, L. S., & Prasetyo, A. (2023). Pengaruh beban kerja, job burnout, dan konflik peran terhadap tingkat stres kerja pada karyawan PT. Adhi Makmur Oenggoel Insani. Maeswara : Jurnal Riset Ilmu Manajemen Dan Kewirausahaan, 1(4), 249–266. https://doi.org/10.61132/maeswara.v1i4.105

Pradana, B. A., Kristanto, R. S., & Hidayat, D. S. (2017). Pengaruh lingkungan kerja dan beban kerja terhadap burnout pada perawat rsud kardinah kota tegal. Magisma: Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.35829/magisma.v5i2.28

Putri, L. A. Z., Zulkaida, A., & Rosmasuri, P. A. (2019). Perbedaan burnot pada karyawan ditinjau dari masa kerja. Jurnal Psikologi, 12(2), 157–168. http://dx.doi.org/10.35760/psi.2019.v12i2.2440

Rahayu, T. (2017). Burnout dan coping stress pada guru pendamping (shadow teacher) anak berkebutuhan khusus yang sedang mengerjakan skripsi. PSIKOBORNEO: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 5(2), 192–198. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/psikoborneo.v5i2.4363

Rahmadani, S., Samsir, S., & Widayatsari, A. (2023). Pengaruh work from home terhadap kinerja pegawai melalui work life balance dan work stress di satuan kerja dinas pangan tanaman pangan dan hortikultura provinsi riau pada saat pandemi covid19. Jurnal Sosial Humaniora Terapan, 5(1), 95–108. https://doi.org/10.7454/jsht.v5i1.1018

Rasyid, M. F. (2020). Analisis fleksibilitas tenaga kerja, keamanan kerja dan komitmen organisasi terhadap kepuasan kerja (studi empiris pada industri media siber di yogyakarta) [Skripsi, Universitas Islam Indonesia]. https://dspace.uii.ac.id/handle/123456789/29485

Ridic, O., Avdibegovic, A., & Bušatlić, S. (2016). Analysis of relationship between flexible work arrangements, work-life balance and employees’ efficiency: evidence from bosnia and herzegovina’s (bih) it sector. Economic Review, XIV, 44–55.

Rosyid, A. N., Puspitasari, A. D., Budiarti, T. N., Fitriyah, I., Sensusiati, A., & Amin, M. (2021). Pengetahuan, gangguan psikologis, dan burnout dokter umum di era pandemi covid-19. Jurnal Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat, 6(3), 678–687. https://doi.org/10.30653/002.202063.838

Sangkala, M. S. (2023). Manfaat penerapan audit sumber daya manusia pada perusahaan. Sinomika: Journal: Publikasi Ilmiah Bidang Ekonomi Dan Akuntansi, 1(6), 1669–1678. https://doi.org/10.54443/sinomika.v1i6.921

Sanjiwani, P. A. P., Wibawa, I. W. S., & Diputra, I. K. S. (2023). Pengaruh work family conflict terhadap turnover intention yang dimediasi oleh burnout pada perempuan pasca pandemi covid – 19. E-Jurnal Manajemen, 12(6), 542–561.

Savigo, A. F. D., Nurhasanah, S., & Febriani, R. (2023). The influence of work-life balance on job satisfaction with burnout as an intervening variable. Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis Dan Kewirausahaan, 3(3), 238–248. https://doi.org/10.22219/jamanika.v3i03.29582

Schaufeli, W. B., Desart, S., & De Witte, H. (2020). Burnout assessment tool (bat)-development, validity, and reliability. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249495

Shekhar, T. (2016). Work life balance & employee engagement- concepts revisited. International Journal of Education and Psychological Research (IJEPR), 5(1), 32–34.

Singh, M. K., & Kumar, V. (2020). Impact of covid-19 pandemic on working culture: an exploratory research among information technology (it) professionals in bengaluru, karnataka (india). Journal of Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology, 12(5), 3176–3184.

Solicha, Murniasih, F., & Febriyani, L. S. (2024). Mediating role of self-efficacy on the effect of social support and employee burnout when working from home (wfh). Jurnal Diversita, 10(1), 133–142. https://doi.org/10.31289/diversita.v10i1.11837

Soltwedel, R., Dohse, D., & Krieger-Boden, C. (1999). EMU Challenges European Labor Market (IMF Working Paper No. 99/131).

Syarifah, T. H., & Etikariena, A. (2021). Keseimbangan pekerjaan dan kehidupan pribadi serta gaya kerja baru, bagaimana dampaknya terhadap stres kerja? Psycho Idea, 19(1), 1–12. https://dx.doi.org/10.30595/psychoidea.v19i1.9446

Thania, I., Pritasari, S. P., Theresia, V., Tesha, Suryaputra, A. F., & Yosua, I. (2021). Stres akibat konflik peran ganda dan coping stress pada ibu yang bekerja dari rumah selama pandemi. Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi MIND SET, 1(01), 25–50. https://doi.org/10.35814/mind

Trianto, D. (2020). Survei BUMN Bersatu: produktivitas pekerja saat pandemi masih baik, kuncinya konektivitas. Kantor berita politik & ekonomi (RMOL.ID). https://rmol.id/politik/read/2020/10/27/458507/survei-bumn-bersatu-produktivitas-pekerja-saat-pandemi-masih-baik-kuncinya-konektivitas

Wibowo, R. A. S., & Siregar, S. (2022). Peran work from home dan work life balance terhadap produktivitas kerja. Eqien: Journal of Economics and Business, 1(1), 75–81. https://doi.org/10.34308/eqien.v10i1.462

Wicaksono, L., Noviekayati, I., & Rina, A. P. (2024). Peran work-life balance dengan burnout pada karyawan PT. X. Jiwa:Jurnal Psikologi Indonesia, 2(2), 513–532.

Wulandari, N. (2023). Pengaruh keseimbangan kehidupan kerja (work- life balance) terhadap karakteristik pekerjaan pegawai di balai pemasyarakatan kelas ii pekanbaru. [Skripsi. UIN SUSKA RIAU] [Skripsi, Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim]. https://repository.uin-suska.ac.id/71735/1/SKRIPSI%20GABUNGAN.pdf

Published
2024-09-19
Section
Articles