Properti psikometri Self-Compassion Scale versi Indonesia: Struktur faktor, reliabilitas, dan validitas kriteria
Abstract
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of Indonesian version of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), a measure self-compassion. Participants were 681 undergraduate students (17-22 years old) at the Faculty of Psychology University of Surabaya. The accidental sampling technique was used as a method of data collection by asking the participants' willingness to be involved in this study by filling in the research informed consent. The confirmatory factor analysis, composite reliability, and correlations were used to examine the factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity. The results found that the six-factor hierarchy model with self-compassion and self-criticism as the main dimensions are the best factor structures and have good internal consistency. The correlations between Indonesian version of the SCS with other measurements proved that Indonesian version of the SCS has a good criterion validity. The result suggests that Indonesian version of the SCS was a valid and reliable measurement tools to measure the self-compassion in Indonesian samples.
Keywords: criterion validity; factor structure; reliability; SCS; self-compassion
Abstrak
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji properti psikometri dari Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) versi Indonesia yang mengukur self-compassion. Partisipan yang terlibat sebanyak 681 mahasiswa yang berusia 17-22 tahun yang sedang menempuh pendidikan di Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Surabaya. Teknik accidental sampling digunakan sebagai metode pengambilan data dengan meminta kesediaan partisipan untuk terlibat dalam penelitian ini dengan mengisi inform consent penelitian. Analisis konfirmatori faktor, reliabilitas komposit, dan korelasi dengan alat ukur lain digunakan untuk menguji struktur faktor, reliabilitas, validitas kriteria dari SCS versi Indonesia. Hasil analisis konfirmatori faktor menemukan bahwa model hierarki enam faktor dengan self-compassion dan self-criticism sebagai dimensi utama merupakan struktur faktor yang terbaik dan memiliki konsistensi internal yang baik. Adanya korelasi SCS versi Indonesia dengan alat ukur lain membuktikan SCS versi Indonesia memiliki validitas kriteria yang memuaskan. Hasil mengindikasikan bahwa SCS versi Indonesia merupakan alat ukur yang valid dan reliabel untuk mengukur self-compassion pada sampel Indonesia.
Kata kunci: reliabilitas; SCS, self-compassion; struktur faktor; validitas kriteria
Downloads
References
Adams, C. E., & Leary, M. R. (2007). Promoting self–compassionate attitudes toward eating among restrictive and guilty eaters. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26(10), 1120–1144. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2007.26.10.1120
Aiken, L. R. (1985). Three coefficients for analyzing the reliability and validity of ratings. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 45(1), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164485451012
Arbuckle, J. L. (2012). IBM SPSS Amos 21 users guide. Amos Development Corporation.
Arimitsu, K. (2014). Development and validation of the Japanese version of the Self-Compassion Scale. The Japanese Journal of Psychology, 85(1), 50–59. https://doi.org/10.4992/jjpsy.85.50
Azizi, A., Mohammadkhani, P., Foroughi, A. A., Lotfi, S., & Bahramkhani, M. (2013). The validity and reliability of the Iranian version of the Self-Compassion Scale. Iranian Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2(3), 149–155.
Bagozzi, R. P., & Heatherton, T. F. (1994). A general approach to representing multifaceted personality constructs: Application to state self-esteem. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 1(1), 35–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519409539961
Bandalos, D. L. (2018). Measurement theory and applications for the social sciences. New York: The Guilford Press.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588–606. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588
Bergen-Cico, D., & Cheon, S. (2014). The mediating effects of mindfulness and self-compassion on trait anxiety. Mindfulness, 5(5), 505–519. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-013-0205-y
Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., … Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 230–241. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy/bph077
Brenner, R. E., Heath, P. J., Vogel, D. L., & Credé, M. (2017). Two is more valid than one: Examining the factor structure of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(6), 696–707. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000211
Brenner, R. E., Vogel, D. L., Lannin, D. G., Engel, K. E., Seidman, A. J., & Heath, P. J. (2018). Do self-compassion and self-coldness distinctly relate to distress and well-being? A theoretical model of self-relating. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 65(3), 346–357. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000257
Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56(2), 81–105. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0046016
Carlson, K. D., & Herdman, A. O. (2012). Understanding the impact of convergent validity on research results. Organizational Research Methods, 15(1), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428110392383
Castilho, P., Carvalho, S. A., Marques, S., & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2017). Self-compassion and emotional intelligence in adolescence: A multigroup mediational study of the impact of shame memories on depressive symptoms. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(3), 759–768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0613-4
Castilho, P., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Duarte, J. (2015). Evaluating the multifactor structure of the long and short versions of the Self-Compassion Scale in a clinical sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71(9), 856–870. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22187
Chang, E. C., Yu, T., Najarian, A. S.-M., Wright, K. M., Chen, W., Chang, O. D., … Hirsch, J. K. (2017). Understanding the association between negative life events and suicidal risk in college students: Examining self-compassion as a potential mediator. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73(6), 745–755. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22374
Cole, D. A. (1987). Utility of confirmatory factor analysis in test validation research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(4), 584–594. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.55.4.584
Coroiu, A., Kwakkenbos, L., Moran, C., Thombs, B., Albani, C., Bourkas, S., … Körner, A. (2018). Structural validation of the Self-Compassion Scale with a German general population sample. PLOS ONE, 13(2), e0190771. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190771
Costa, J., Marôco, J., Pinto-Gouveia, J., Ferreira, C., & Castilho, P. (2016). Validation of the psychometric properties of the Self-Compassion Scale. Testing the factorial validity and factorial invariance of the measure among borderline personality disorder, anxiety disorder, eating disorder and general populations. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 23(5), 460–468. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1974
Cudeck, R., & Browne, M. W. (1992). Constructing a covariance matrix that yields a specified minimizer and a specified minimum discrepancy function value. Psychometrika, 57(3), 357–369. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02295424
Cunha, M., Xavier, A., & Castilho, P. (2016). Understanding self-compassion in adolescents: Validation study of the Self-Compassion Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 93, 56–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.023
Damanik, E. D. (1997). Pengujian reliabilitas, validitas, analisis item dan pembuatan norma Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS): Berdasarkan penelitian pada kelompok sampel Yogyakarta dan Bantul yang mengalami gempa bumi dan kelompok sampel Jakarta dan sekitarnya yang tidak. In Tesis. Jakarta: Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Indonesia.
Davidson, R. J., & Harrington, A. (2002). Visions of compassion Western scientists and Tibetan Buddhists examine human nature. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195130430.001.0001
Deniz, M. E., Kesici, ?., & Sümer, A. S. (2008). The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Self-Compassion Scale. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 36(9), 1151–1160. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2008.36.9.1151
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75.
Dundas, I., Svendsen, J. L., Wiker, A. S., Granli, K. V., & Schanche, E. (2016). Self-compassion and depressive symptoms in a Norwegian student sample. Nordic Psychology, 68(1), 58–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2015.1071203
Eirini, K., Christos, P., Michael, G., & Anastasios, S. (2017). Validity, reliability and factorial structure of the Self Compassion Scale in the Greek population. Journal of Psychology & Psychotherapy, 07(04). https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0487.1000313
Ford, J., Klibert, J. J., Tarantino, N., & Lamis, D. A. (2017). Savouring and self-compassion as protective factors for depression. Stress and Health, 33(2), 119–128. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2687
Furr, R. M. (2011). Scale construction and psychometrics for social and personality psychology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Garcia-Campayo, J., Navarro-Gil, M., Andrés, E., Montero-Marin, J., López-Artal, L., & Demarzo, M. M. (2014). Validation of the Spanish versions of the long (26 items) and short (12 items) forms of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 12(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-12-4
Germer, C. K. (2009). The mindful path to self-compassion: Freeing yourself from destructive thoughts and emotions. The Guilford Press.
Germer, C. K., & Neff, K. D. (2013). Self-compassion in clinical practice. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(8), 856–867. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22021
Gilbert, P. (2005). Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy. New York, NY: Routledge.
Gilbert, P. (2009). Introducing compassion-focused therapy. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 15(3), 199–208. https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.107.005264
Gillanders, D. T., Sinclair, A. K., MacLean, M., & Jardine, K. (2015). Illness cognitions, cognitive fusion, avoidance and self-compassion as predictors of distress and quality of life in a heterogeneous sample of adults, after cancer. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 4(4), 300–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2015.07.003
Goetz, J. L., Keltner, D., & Simon-Thomas, E. (2010). Compassion: An evolutionary analysis and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 136(3), 351–374. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018807
Goleman, D. (2003). Destructive emotions: How can we overcome them? New York, NY: Bantam Books.
Gunnell, K. E., Mosewich, A. D., McEwen, C. E., Eklund, R. C., & Crocker, P. R. E. (2017). Don’t be so hard on yourself! Changes in self-compassion during the first year of university are associated with changes in well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 107, 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.11.032
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Hambleton, R. K. (2005). Issues, designs and technical guidelines for adapting tests into multiple languages and cultures. In R. K. Hambleton, P. F. Merenda, & C. D. Spielberger (Eds.), Adapting educational and psychological tests for cross-cultural assessment (pp. 3–38). Mahwah, NJ, US: Erlbaum.
Haynes, S. N., Richard, D. C. S., & Kubany, E. S. (1995). Content validity in psychological assessment: A functional approach to concepts and methods. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 238–247. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.238
Hoge, E. A., Hölzel, B. K., Marques, L., Metcalf, C. A., Brach, N., Lazar, S. W., & Simon, N. M. (2013). Mindfulness and self-compassion in generalized anxiety disorder: Examining predictors of disability. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/576258
Hwang, S., Kim, G., Yang, J.-W., & Yang, E. (2016). The moderating effects of age on the relationships of self-compassion, self-esteem, and mental health. Japanese Psychological Research, 58(2), 194–205. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpr.12109
Kotsou, I., & Leys, C. (2016). Self-Compassion Scale (SCS): Psychometric properties of the French translation and its relations with psychological well-being, affect and depression. PLOS ONE, 11(4), e0152880. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152880
Krieger, T., Berger, T., & Holtforth, M. grosse. (2016). The relationship of self-compassion and depression: Cross-lagged panel analyses in depressed patients after outpatient therapy. Journal of Affective Disorders, 202, 39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.032
Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology, 28(4), 563–575. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x
López, A., Sanderman, R., Smink, A., Zhang, Y., van Sonderen, E., Ranchor, A., & Schroevers, M. J. (2015). A reconsideration of the Self-Compassion Scale’s total score: Self-compassion versus self-criticism. PLOS ONE, 10(7), e0132940. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132940
Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (2nd. Ed.). Sydney: Psychology Foundation.
MacBeth, A., & Gumley, A. (2012). Exploring compassion: A meta-analysis of the association between self-compassion and psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(6), 545–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.06.003
Mantzios, M., Wilson, J. C., & Giannou, K. (2015). Psychometric properties of the Greek versions of the Self-Compassion and Mindful Attention and Awareness Scales. Mindfulness, 6(1), 123–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-013-0237-3
Mills, A., Gilbert, P., Bellew, R., McEwan, K., & Gale, C. (2007). Paranoid beliefs and self-criticism in students. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 14(5), 358–364. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.537
Min-Ying Tsai. (2015). Construction and factorial validation of the Chinese version of the Self-Compassion Scale for gifted students. Journal of Psychology Research, 5(11). https://doi.org/10.17265/2159-5542/2015.11.003
Neff, K. D. (2003a). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032
Neff, K. D. (2003b). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027
Neff, K. D. (2011). Self-Compassion, self-esteem, and well-being. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00330.x
Neff, K. D. (2016). The Self-Compassion Scale is a valid and theoretically coherent measure of self-compassion. Mindfulness, 7(1), 264–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0479-3
Neff, K. D., & McGehee, P. (2010). Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self and Identity, 9(3), 225–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860902979307
Neff, K. D., Tóth-Király, I., Yarnell, L. M., Arimitsu, K., Castilho, P., Ghorbani, N., … Mantzios, M. (2019). Examining the factor structure of the Self-Compassion Scale in 20 diverse samples: Support for use of a total score and six subscale scores. Psychological Assessment, 31(1), 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000629
Petrocchi, N., Ottaviani, C., & Couyoumdjian, A. (2014). Dimensionality of self-compassion: Translation and construct validation of the Self-Compassion Scale in an Italian sample. Journal of Mental Health, 23(2), 72–77. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638237.2013.841869
Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Van Gucht, D. (2011). Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the Self-Compassion Scale. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(3), 250–255. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.702
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069–1081.
Sireci, S. G. (1998). The construct of content validity. Social Indicators Research, 45, 83–117. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006985528729
Souza, L. K., & Hutz, C. S. (2016). Adaptation of the Self-Compassion Scale for use in Brazil: Evidences of construct validity. Temas Em Psicologia, 24(1), 159–172. https://doi.org/10.9788/TP2016.1-11
Svendsen, J. L., Osnes, B., Binder, P.-E., Dundas, I., Visted, E., Nordby, H., … Sørensen, L. (2016). Trait self-compassion reflects emotional flexibility through an association with high vagally mediated heart rate variability. Mindfulness, 7(5), 1103–1113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0549-1
Tóth-Király, I., B?the, B., & Orosz, G. (2017). Exploratory structural equation modeling analysis of the Self-Compassion Scale. Mindfulness, 8(4), 881–892. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0662-1
Ursic, N., Kocjancic, D., & Zvelc, G. (2019). Psychometric properties of the Slovenian long and short version of the Self-Compassion Scale. Psihologija, 52(2), 107–125. https://doi.org/10.2298/PSI180408029U
Veneziani, C. A., Fuochi, G., & Voci, A. (2017). Self-compassion as a healthy attitude toward the self: Factorial and construct validity in an Italian sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 119, 60–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.028
Yamaguchi, A., Kim, M.-S., & Akutsu, S. (2014). The effects of self-construals, self-criticism, and self-compassion on depressive symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences, 68, 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.03.013
Yang, X., & Mak, W. W. S. (2017). The differential moderating roles of self-compassion and mindfulness in self-stigma and well-being among people living with mental illness or HIV. Mindfulness, 8(3), 595–602. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0635-4
Zeng, X., Wei, J., Oei, T. P., & Liu, X. (2016). The Self-Compassion Scale is not validated in a Buddhist sample. Journal of Religion and Health, 55(6), 1996–2009. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0205-z.
The author who will publish the manuscript at Persona: Jurnal Psikologi Indonesia, agree to the following terms:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories, pre-prints sites or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater dissemination of published work
