Tahan atau pikir kembali: Strategi regulasi emosi dan kepuasan pernikahan pada masa pandemi Covid-19
Abstract
Abstract
The high divorce rate in Indonesia becomes a social phenomenon, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pandemic situation puts tension on married life, which can reduce marital satisfaction which is one of the predictors of divorce. This quantitative study aims to explore the influence of each emotion regulation strategy, namely cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression on marital satisfaction among married individuals in Indonesia. This study was conducted on 166 participants using Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) (α reappraisal = 0,676, α suppression = 0,729) and Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS) (α = 0,827) to measure emotion regulation strategy and marital satisfaction of each participant. Data from a sample were analyzed with multiple hierarchy regression tests, Pearson correlation, and independent sample t-test. The results showed that cognitive reappraisal strategies contributed significantly to marital satisfaction, and expressive suppression contributed significantly only to men, while in women there was no meaningful contribution. This study is expected to provide useful findings in regulating emotions in couples, especially those that are gender sensitive, in order to increase marital satisfaction.
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic; emotion regulation strategy; marital satisfaction
Abstrak
Tingginya angka perceraian di Indonesia menjadi fenomena sosial, khususnya di masa pandemi COVID-19. Situasi pandemi memberikan tekanan dalam kehidupan pernikahan, sehingga dapat menurunkan kepuasan pernikahan yang merupakan salah satu prediktor dari perceraian. Penelitian kuantitatif ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengeksplor pengaruh masing-masing strategi regulasi emosi, yaitu cognitive reappraisal dan expressive suppression terhadap kepuasan pernikahan pada individu menikah di Indonesia. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 166 partisipan dengan menggunakan Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) (α reappraisal = 0,676, α suppression = 0,729) dan Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS) (α = 0,827) untuk mengukur strategi regulasi emosi dan kepuasan pernikahan dari masing-masing partisipan. Data dari sampel dianalisis dengan uji regresi hierarki berganda, korelasi Pearson, dan independent sample t-test. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa strategi cognitive reappraisal memberikan kontribusi yang positif secara signifikan terhadap kepuasan pernikahan dan expressive suppression memberikan kontribusi yang signifikan hanya pada lelaki, sedangkan pada perempuan tidak ditemukan kontribusi yang berarti. Studi ini diharapkan dapat memberi temuan yang bermanfaat dalam meregulasi emosi pada pasangan, khususnya yang sensitif berdasarkan gender, demi meningkatkan kepuasan pernikahan.
Kata Kunci: kepuasan pernikahan; pandemic COVID-19; strategi regulasi emosi
References
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2014). Statistik Indonesia 2014. Diunduh dari https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2014/05/05/8d2c08d9d41aa8c02fad22e7/statistik-indonesia-2014.html tanggal 18 Agustus 2022.
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2017). Statistik Indonesia 2017. Diunduh dari https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2017/07/26/b598fa587f5112432533a656/statistik-indonesia-2017.html tanggal 18 Agustus 2022.
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2020). Statistik Indonesia 2020. Badan Pusat Statistik. Diunduh dari https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2020/04/29/e9011b3155d45d70823c141f/statistik-indonesia-2020.html tanggal 18 Agustus 2922.
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2021). Statistik Indonesia 2021. Diunduh dari https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2021/02/26/938316574c78772f27e9b477/statistik-indonesia-2021.html tanggal 18 Agustus 2022.
Bosse, T., Gerritsen, C., de Man, J., & Treur, J. (2013). Learning emotion regulation strategies: A cognitive agent model. Proceedings - 2013 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Intelligent Agent Technology, IAT 2013, 245–252. https://doi.org/10.1109/WI-IAT.2013.116
Bove, A., & Tryon, R. (2018). The power of storytelling: The experiences of incarcerated women sharing their stories. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 62(15), 4814–4833. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X18785100
Chaplin, T. M. (2015). Gender and emotion expression: A developmental contextual perspective. Emotion Review, 7(1), 14–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073914544408
Chervonsky, E., & Hunt, C. (2017). Suppression and expression of emotion in social and interpersonal outcomes : A meta-analysis. Emotion, 17(4), 669–683. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000270
Cordova, J. V., Gee, C. B., & Warren, L. Z. (2005). Emotional skillfulness in marriage: Intimacy as a mediator of the relationship between emotional skillfulness and marital satisfaction. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(2), 218–235. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.24.2.218.62270
Enck, S. M., & McDaniel, B. A. (2015). Narratives behind bars: Incarcerated women, motherhood, and meaning making. Communication Currents, 10, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1080/10462937.2014.975271
Fariselli, L., Ghini, M., & Freedman, J. (2008). Age and emotional intelligence. White Paper: Research on Emotional Intelligence, 1–10.
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
Figley, C. R. (1973). Child density and the marital relationship. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 35(2), 272–282.
Frye, N., Ganong, L., Jensen, T., & Coleman, M. (2020). A dyadic analysis of emotion regulation as a moderator of associations between marital conflict and marital satisfaction among first-married and remarried couples. Journal of Family Issues, 41(12), 2328–2355. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X20935504
Gross, J. J. (2001). Emotion regulation in adulthood: Timing is everything. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(6), 214–219. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00152
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348–362. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
Hadigunawan, N., & Azahari, R. (2016). Penghayatan Islam dan hubungannya dengan konflik rumahtangga: Kajian di unit runding cara, bahagian undang-undang keluarga, jabatan agama Islam Selangor. Jurnal Syariah, 24(3), 393–422. https://doi.org/10.22452/js.vol24no3.3
Hendrick, S. S. (1988). A generic measure of relationship satisfaction. Journal of Marriage and Family, 50(1), 93–98. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.2307/352430
Herawati, T., Kumalasari, B., Musthofa, & Tyas, F. P. S. (2018). Dukungan sosial, interaksi keluarga, dan kualitas perkawinan pada keluarga suami istri bekerja. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga Dan Konsumen, 11(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2018.11.1.1
Himawan, K. K. (2017). Jealousy and relationship satisfaction among Indonesian dating adults. PsyCh Journal, 6(4), 328–329. https://doi.org/10.1002/pchj.195
Himawan, K. K. (2020). The single’s struggle: Discovering involuntary singleness in Indonesia through gender and religious perspectives. Family Journal, 28(4), 379–389. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480720950419
Hirschberger, G., Srivastava, S., Marsh, P., Cowan, C. P., & Cowan, P. A. (2009). Attachment, marital satisfaction, and divorce during the first fifteen years of parenthood. Personal Relationships, 16(3), 401–420. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2009.01230.x
Impett, E. A., Le, B. M., Kogan, A., Oveis, C., & Keltner, D. (2014). When you think your partner is holding back: The costs of perceived partner suppression during relationship sacrifice. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5(5), 542–549. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550613514455
Janssen, L. H. C., Kullberg, M. L., Verkuil, B., van Zwieten, N., Wever, M. C. M., van Houtum, L. A. E. M., Wentholt, W. G. M., & Elzinga, B. M. (2020). Does the COVID-19 pandemic impact parents’ and adolescents’ well-being? An EMA-study on daily affect and parenting. PLoS ONE, 15(10), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240962
Jones, S. M., Bouffard, S. M., & Weissbourd, R. (2013). Educators’ social and emotional skills vital to learning. Phi Delta Kappan, 94(8), 62–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/003172171309400815
Kardum, I., Gračanin, A., Hudek-Knežević, J., & Blažić, B. (2021). Emotion regulation and romantic partners’ relationship satisfaction: Self-reports and partner reports. Psychological Topics, 30(1), 145–159. https://doi.org/10.31820/pt.30.1.8
Karney, B. R., & Bradbury, T. N. (2020). Research on marital satisfaction and stability in the 2010s: Challenging conventional wisdom. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82(1), 100–116. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12635
Kendrick, H. M., & Drentea, P. (2016). Marital adjustment. Dalam Encyclopedia of Family Studies. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119085621.wbefs071
Klein, S. R., Renshaw, K. D., & Curby, T. W. (2016). Emotion regulation and perceptions of hostile and constructive criticism in romantic relationships. Behavior Therapy, 47(2), 143–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2015.10.007
Komnas Perempuan. (2020). Kajian dinamika perubahan di dalam rumah tangga selama Covid-19 di 34 provinsi di Indonesia. In Jakarta: Komnas Perempuan.
Krismantari, I., Rauf, D. T. B., & Muna, A. N. (2020, August 6). Angka KDRT di Indonesia meningkat sejak pandemi COVID-19: Penyebab dan cara mengatasinya. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/angka-kdrt-di-indonesia-meningkat-sejak-pandemi-covid-19-penyebab-dan-cara-mengatasinya-144001
Lavner, J. A., Bradbury, T. N., & Karney, B. R. (2012). Incremental change or initial differences? Testing two models of marital deterioration. Journal of Family Psychology, 26(4), 606–616. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029052
Maharti, H. M., & Mansoer, W. W. D. (2018). Hubungan antara kepuasan pernikahan, komitmen beragama, dan komitmen pernikahan di Indonesia. JKKP (Jurnal Kesejahteraan Keluarga Dan Pendidikan), 5(1), 70–81. https://doi.org/10.21009/jkkp.051.07
Mazzuca, S., Kafetsios, K., Livi, S., & Presaghi, F. (2018). Emotion regulation and satisfaction in long-term marital relationships: The role of emotional contagion. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(9), 2880–2895. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407518804452
McRae, K., Jacobs, S. E., Ray, R. D., John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2012). Individual differences in reappraisal ability : Links to reappraisal frequency , well-being , and cognitive control. Journal of Research in Personality, 46(1), 2–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2011.10.003
Miller, B. C. (1975). Child density, marital satisfaction, and conventionalization: A research note. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 37(2), 345–347. https://doi.org/10.2307/350967
Nakagawa, T., Gondo, Y., Ishioka, Y., & Masui, Y. (2017). Age, emotion regulation, and affect in adulthood: The mediating role of cognitive reappraisal. Japanese Psychological Research, 59(4), 301–308. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpr.12159
Paramita, N. K. P., & Suarya, L. M. K. S. (2018). Peran komunikasi interpersonal dan ekspresi emosi terhadap kepuasan perkawinan pada perempuan di usia dewasa madya. Jurnal Psikologi Udayana, 5(2), 241–253. https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/psikologi/article/view/40396/24548
Rellini, A. H., Vujanovic, A. A., Gilbert, M., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2012). Childhood maltreatment and difficulties in emotion regulation: Associations with sexual and relationship satisfaction among young adult women. Journal of Sex Research, 49(5), 434–442. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2011.565430
Rick, J. L., Falconier, M. K., & Wittenborn, A. K. (2017). Emotion regulation dimensions and relationship satisfaction in clinical couples. Personal Relationships, 24(4), 790–803. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12213
Safdar, S., Friedlmeier, W., Matsumoto, D., Yoo, S. H., Kwantes, C. T., Kakai, H., & Shigemasu, E. (2009). Variations of emotional display rules within and across cultures: A comparison between Canada, USA, and Japan. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 41(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014387
Suciati, R., & Agung, I. M. (2016). Perbedaan ekspresi emosi pada orang Batak, Jawa, Melayu dan Minangkabau. Jurnal Psikologi, 12(2), 99–108. https://doi.org/10.24014/jp.v12i2.3236
Susiana, S. (2020). Kekerasan dalam rumah tangga pada masa pandemi COVID-19. Pusat Penelitian Badan Keahlian DPR RI, XII(24), 13–18. http://berkas.dpr.go.id/puslit/files/info_singkat/Info Singkat-XII-24-II-P3DI-Desember-2020-177.pdf
Suwartono, C., & Bintamur, D. (2019). Validation of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ): Network analysis as an alternative of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). ANIMA Indonesian Psychological Journal, 34(3), 115–124. https://doi.org/10.24123/aipj.v34i3.2300
Thompson, R. A. (2008). Emotion Regulation: A theme in Search of Definition. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2–3), 25–52. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579419000282
Tristanto, A. (2020). Perceraian di masa pandemi covid-19 dalam perspektif ilmu sosial. Sosio Informa, 6(03), 292–304. https://ejournal.kemsos.go.id/index.php/Sosioinforma/article/view/2417/1253
Ward, P. J., Lundberg, N. R., Zabriskie, R. B., & Berrett, K. (2009). Measuring marital satisfaction: A comparison of the revised dyadic adjustment scale and the satisfaction with married life scale. Marriage and Family Review, 45(4), 412–429. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494920902828219
Wardani, L. M. I., & Christianto, A. (2020). Dampak covid-19 terhadap rumah tangga. Dalam Fahrudin, F. Mas’ud, N. M. Rose, & L. M. I. Wardani (Eds.), Dinamika keluarga pada masa pandemic covid-19 (pp. 135–139). UMJ Press.
Wendorf, C. A., Lucas, T., Imamoǧlu, E. O., Weisfeld, C. C., & Weisfeld, G. E. (2011). Marital satisfaction across three cultures: Does the number of children have an impact after accounting for other marital demographics? Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42(3), 340–354. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022110362637
Wijayanti, U. T. (2021). Analisis faktor penyebab perceraian pada masa pandemi Covid-19 di Kabupaten Banyumas. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga Dan Konsumen, 14(1), 14–26. https://doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2021.14.1.14
Wulan, D. K., & Chotimah, K. (2017). Peran Regulasi Emosi Dalam Kepuasan Pernikahan Pada Pasangan Suami Istri Usia Dewasa Awal. Jurnal Ecopsy, 4(1), 58–63. https://doi.org/10.20527/ecopsy.v4i1.3417
Copyright (c) 2022 Febi Ayu Milka Angelica, Karel Karsten Himawan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The author who will publish the manuscript at Persona: Jurnal Psikologi Indonesia, agree to the following terms:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories, pre-prints sites or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater dissemination of published work
