Negara Dan Golkar (Studi Tentang Konfigurasi Politik Tahun 1971-2009)
Abstract
The study aims to answer the question of how: (1) political configuration that puts Indonesia in 1971-1997 Golkar as a single force (2) political configuration in 1998 that caused the New Order government fell, and (3) the political configuration in 1999-2009 resulting Golkar political disorientation.The results: (1) the political configuration of Indonesia in 1971-1997 accidentally put Golkar as a single force on the grounds that the government can carry out the construction with smooth and stable. Sekber-military form with the government, Golkar then follow the 1971 general election and won an absolute acquire 62.82% of the vote. Thanks to that victory, Golkar and the military dominated parliament. Various attempts were made by the government in order to Golkar remains a singular force that harm the PPP and PDI, the result, until the 1997 election Golkar always wins absolute; (2) As a result of the New Order regime always manipulate the order absolute win Golkar, the public is not satisfied, the scent of corruption in the preparation of Development Cabinet VII concurrent multi-dimensional crisis of 1997 to encourage people demanded a change in many lives. The insistence of the President submit his cause to BJ Habibie to date. May 21, 1998. Since then New Order, (3) After the fall of the New Order, Golkar as also fell. With the remnants of the existing resources can Golkar following the 1999 elections, the results dropped dramatically compared to the 1997 election due to: (1) Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the New Order era Golkar political structure intact bequeath to future generations, (2) the Golkar elite divisions; (3) the loss of support of the military and civil servants, (4) a more competitive electoral policies, (5) the division of voters into 47 political parties, (6) the emergence of a new reformist parties. The success of the Golkar Party in the 2004 elections resulting from the internal side: (1) the Golkar Party fought a modern and independent party, (2) political machine that has formed revived; (3) more democratic, (4) the persistence of traditional voters, and (5 ) personal factors Akbar. Of external factors as: (1) some people miss the New Order government and re-select the Golkar Party, (2) Some supporters of the PDI-P in the 1999 elections Golkar.Faktor Party switched its support to the cause of decreased Golkar election ballot back in 2009 from an internal include: (1) culture convention in the selection of candidates for President are not followed, the image of Golkar party as the party of democratic aspirations in a leadership cadre that has been built to fade back, (2) is controlled by Golkar non reformist leadership, encouraging party elite oligarchic; (3) efforts build the party into a modern party that has been initiated prior periods become dormant due to the busy Chairman stints as Vice President. On the external side: (1) magnetic figure Susilo Bambang Yodoyono lead Golkar voters switched its support to the Democrats in the 2009 election, and (2) The release of some of the Golkar Party elite.
Keywords: State, Golkar, Political Configuration.
Downloads
References
Agustino, Leo. 2006. Dasar–Dasar Kebijakan Publik. Bandung: CV. Alfabeta.
Alfian, 1980. Pemikiran dan Perubahan Politik Indonesia. Jakarta; Gramedia.
Amal, Ichlasul (ed), 1988, Teori-teori Mutakhir Partai Politik, Yogyakarta: Tiara Wacana.
Anderson, James E, 2006, Public Policy Making: An Introduction, Boston: Hough-ton Mifflin Company
Arief Budiman, Negara, Kelas, dan Formasi Sosial, (wawancara) dalam majalh kea-dilan, Fakultas hokum UII. Yogyakarta no 1 Thun XII,1985
Arsyad, Sanusi. HM., 2009. “Relasi antara Korupsi dan Kekuasaanâ€. Jurnal Konsti-tusi, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2009.
Baswedan, Anies Rasyid. 2004. “Political Islam: Present and Future Trajectoryâ€. Asean Survey, Vol. 44.
___, (2004). “Sirkulasi Suara dalam Pemilu 2004â€. Makalah.
Bahtaruddin et al. 1999. Golkar Dalam Mena-pak Pemilihan Umum Orde Baru. Program Studi Ilmu Politik. Yogjakarta. Program Pascasarjana Universitas Gajah Mada.
Beck, P.A and Sorauf F.J, 1992, Party Politics in America, New York, NY: Harper Collins Publishers.
Budiman, Arief. 1982. “Bentuk Negara dan Pemerataan Hasil-Hasil Pembangunan,†Prisma No. 7 Tahun XI Juli
Budiman, Arief. 1995. Teori Pembangunan Dunia Ketiga, Jakarta: Gramedia
Budi Santoso, Priyo. 1995. Birokrasi Pemerin-tahan Orde Baru, Jakarta: PT. Raja Gra-findo Persada.
Budiardjo, Mariam. 1982. Partisipasi Politik dan Partai Politik, Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama
___, 1997. Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Politik, Ja-karta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Cheibub, Jose Antonio. 2007. Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, and Democracy, Cam-bridge University Press.
Cipto, Bambang. 1996. “Revolusi Partisipasi dan Masa Depan Partai Politik di Indo-nesia†Prisma. No. 8 tahun XXV Agustus 1996.
Croley, Steven P., 2008, Regulation and Public Interests: The Possibility of Good Regulatory Government, Princeton: Prin-ceton University Press
Dhakidae. Daniel. 1991. “Pemain-pemain Uta-ma dalam Pentas Sejarah Orde Baru†Prisma. Edisi Khusus 20 tahun Prisma 1971-1991â€
Denny J.A. 2006. Memperkuat Pilar Kelima Pemilu 2004 dalam Temuan Survei LSI: Kemenangan Kembali Partai Golkar. Yogyakarta. LKIS
Fatah. R. Eep Saefullah. 1994. “Demokratisasi dalam Kepolitikan Orde Baru: Masalah dan Prospek Demokrasi di Indonesiaâ€. Prisma 10. Oktober 1994.
Feith, H., 1999 Pemilihan Umum di Indo-nesia 1955, Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia.
Firdaus. 2005. “Politik Hukum Di Indonesia: Kajian Dari Sudut Pandang Negara Hukum)â€. Jurnal Hukum Islam. Vol. 12 No. 10. September 2005.
Fischer, Frank, Gerald J. Miller and Mara S. Sidney (Eds.), 2007, Handbook of Public Policy Analysis: Theory, Politics and Methods, Boca Raton: CRC Press
Gaffar, Afan, dkk. 1993. Golkar dan Demo-kratisasi di Indonesia. Yogyakarta: PPSK.
Gaventa, Jhon dan Valderama, Camilo. 2001. Partisipasi, Kewargaan, dan Peme-rintah Daerah, dalam pengantar buku, Mewujudkan Partisipasi; Teknik, Partisi-pasi Masyarakat Untuk Abad 21, The British Council dan New Economics Fondation.
Gerston, Larry N., 2002, Public Policy Making in a Democratic Society: A Guide to Civic Engagement, Armonk: M. E. Sharpe
Gunther, R., Montero, J.R., Linz, J, 2002, Political Parties: Old Concepts and New Challenges, New York, NY: Oxford Uni-versity Press.
Hoover, Kennet. H R., 1980, Implementing Public Policy, Congressional Quarterly Press, Washington DC
Imawan, Riswandha. 2004. “Partai Politik Di Indonesia: Pergulatan Setengah Hati Men-cari Jati Diri†Pidato Pengukuhan Jabatan Guru Besar dalam Ilmu Politik pada Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Gadjah Mada pada tanggal 4 September 2004. Yogyakarta, UGM.
Irnawati, 2012 “Konfigurasi Politik Demo-kratis Dalam Karakter Produk Hukum Yang Responsif Di Era Reformasiâ€. Socioscientia: Jurnal Ilmu-ilmu Sosial Vol. 4 no. 1.
Isjwara, 1999. Pengantar Ilmu Politik. Bandung : Dhiwantara
Jenie, Rezlan Izhar. 1981. “Pemikiran Jendral A.H.Nasution tentang peranan militer dalam politik di Indonesiaâ€, Skripsi FIS UI.
Juan Linz, 1978. “The Perils of Presiden-tialism†dan “ The Virtues of Parlemen-tarism dalam Journal of Democracy no 1 dan no. 4.
K.C. Dowdall, 1923. The Word "State.". London: Stevens & Sons Ltd.
King, D.Y., 2003, Half-Hearted Reform: Electoral Institutions and the Struggle for Democracy in Indonesia, Westport, Conn.: Praeger.
Koirudin, 2004. Partai Poltik dan Agenda Transisi Demokrasi, Pustaka Pelajar, Yogyakarta.
Legge, John D, 2001. Sukarno: Biografi Politik. Jakarta: Sinar Harapan.
Mile, M.B. dan Huberman, A.M. 1992. Anali-sis data kualitatif. Alih bahasa: Tjetjep Rohendi Rohidi dan Mulyasa. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia.
Moh. Mahfud, M.D. 2011. Politik Hukum di Indonesia, Edisi revisi. Jakarta. Rajawali Press
Muchsin, Fadillah Putra, 2002, Hukum dan Kebijakan Publik, Analisis atas Praktek Hukum dan Kebijakan Publik dalam Pem-bangunan Sektor Perekonomian di Indone-sia, Averros Press, Malang.
Mulkan, Abdul Munir. 1992. Runtuhnya Mitos Politik Santri. Yoyakarta. Sipress.
Nasri, Diany Lazuar. 2003. Undang-undang Nomor 31 tahun 2002 tentang Partai Politik dan Undang-Undang Nomor 12 tahun 2003, Jakarta: Durat Bahagia
Ndraha, Taliziduhu. 1989. Konsep Adminis-trasi dan Administrasi di Indonesia. Jakar-ta: Bina Aksara
Nishihara, Mashashi, 1972. Golkar and the Indonesian Elections of 1971 (Monograph Series), Modern Indonesia Project, Cornell University, New York: Ithaca.
Oliver , Dawn. 2003. Constitutional Reform in the United Kingdom. OUP Oxford; 1 edition.
Poesponegoro, Marwati dan Notosusanto, Nugroho, 1984. Sejarah Nasional Indo-nesia, Jilid VI, Jakarta; Depdikbud dan Balai Pustaka.
Pusat Studi Hukum Konstitusi UII, 2005 “Multi Partai, Presidensialisme dan Efek-tivitas Pemerintahan†Artikel. Diambil dari http://pshk.law.uii.ac.id/index.php. thl. 10 Maret 2013.
Rasyid, Muhammad Ryass, 1994. State For-mation, Party System, and The Prospect for Democrazy in Indonesia: The Case of Golongan Karya (1967-1993). Disertasi Ilmu Politik University of Hawai.
Riadi, Muchlisin, 2013. “Partai Politikâ€, artikel dimuat dalam http://www. kajianpustaka.com edisi 19 Januari 2013.
Saerozi. Ahmad. 2010. “Negara dan Nahdlatul Ulama: Studi tentang Karakteristik Respon Organisasi Keagamaan Nahdlatul Ulama terhadap Kebijakan Pemerintah Hindia Belanda Tahun 1926-1942.†Disertasi. Pro-gram Pascasarjana Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya.
Sanit. Arbi. 1988. “Organisasi Politik, Organi-sasi Massa, dan Politik Demokratisasi Masyarakatâ€. Prisma. No. 6 Tahun XVII, 1988
Sartori, Giovanni, 1976. Parties and Party Systems: a Framwork for Analysis, Cam-bridge. Cambridge University Press.
Sejarah Partai Demokrasi Indonesia. 2013. http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Partai_demokrasi_indonesia
Sejarah Partai Persatuan Pembangunan. 2013. http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Partai_Persatuan_Pembangunan.
Sigit Pamungkas. 2009. Perihal Pemilu. Yogyakarta: Laboratorium Jurusan Ilmu Pemerintahan UGM
Sitepu, P. Anthonius, 2006. Sistem Politik Indonesia, Medan: Pustaka Bangsa Press.
Smith, Kevin B. and Christopher W. Lari-mer, 2009, the Public Policy Theory Primer, Boulder: Westview Press
Sparingga, Daniel. 2004. “Golkar Butuh Banyak Orang Seperti Akbar Tandjungâ€, dalam Dasman Djamaluddin (editor) Golkar sebagai Partai Alternatif. Jakarta: Pusat Studi Hukum Tata Negara UI.
Stiefel, Matthias & Wolfe, Marshall, 1994. Political Participation; Economic Develop-ment; Social Aspects; Latin America. Uni-ted Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD), Geneva (London and Atlantic Highlands, N.J.)
Sudarwan Danim. 2000. Metode Penelitian untuk Ilmu-Ilmu Perilaku. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.
Sudjito, Arie. 2012. “Parpol Alami Disorien-tasi Politikâ€. Investor Daily Indonesia, 11 Juni 2012
Sukarna, 1981. Sistem Politik, Penerbit alum-ni, Bandung.
Suseno, Franz Magnis. 1993. Filsafat sebagai Ilmu Kritis, Yogjakarta: Kanisius.
Suseno, Franz Magnis. 1995. Kuasa dan Moral, Jakarta: Gramedia.
Suroto, 2003. Partai-partai Politik di Indo-nesia, Jakarta: PT. Citra Mandala Pratama
Sutjuti, Maliki. 2001. Politik Tarekat Qadi-riyah wa Naqsyabandiyah Jombang : studi tentang hubungan agama, negara, dan masyarakat. Yogyakarta : Galang Press
Tandjung, Akbar. 2007. The Golkar Way: Survival Partai Golkar di Tengah Turbu-lensi Politik Era Transisi. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
TB. Simatupang, 1987. Dari Revolusi ke Pembangunan, Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia.
Wanandi, Jusuf. 1984. “Peran ABRI Surut Ke Belakang.†Prisma. No. 3 Prisma. No. 1 Maret 1984. Tahun XIII
Widyarsono, A. 1992. “Paham Negara Rasio-nal Hegel dalam Filsafat Hukumnya,†Driyarkara No. 3 Tahun XVIII
Wirjono, Prodjodikoro. 1981, Asas-Asas Ilmu Negara dan Politik, PT Eresco Jakarta.
Yulianto, Arif. 2002. Hubungan Sipil Militer Indonesia Pasca Orba. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada
Yuwono, Sutopo. 1983. “Peranan dan Batas Dwi Fungsi ABRI†Prisma. No. 1 Januari 1983. Tahun XII
Zaini, Hasan. 1991. Pengantar Hukum Tata Negara Indonesia. Bandung: Alumni.
Zulkifli Ijul, 2012. “Pelembagaan Partai Politikâ€, diambil dari www.manajemen. web.id/2012/pelembagaan-partai-politik. html pada tgl. 22 Pebruari 2012.
The DiA journal allows authors to retain the copyright of their papers without limitation. Authors may grant publishers non-exclusive publishing rights to publish articles. Granting first publishing rights to publishers also qualifies as unlimited copyright (because there are no restrictions imposed by publishers on author copyright).
